Quality evaluation of minoxidil topical solutions obtained from magistral pharmacies

The objective of this study was to evaluate quality parameters of magistral topical solutions containing minoxidil (A, B and C), comparing the results with the ones obtained for the industrial formulation. Organoleptic tests, evaluation of the pH and density, centrifuge test, drug content determination, comparison of indicated dosages and in vitro follicular penetration of minoxidil were performed. Regarding the organoleptic properties, differences in color and viscosity were observed between the magistral (composed of minoxidil sulfate) and the industrial formulations (composed of minoxidil base). For pH values, the magistral solutions presented considerably more acidic pH, compared to the industrial sample. For the density test, the samples with the highest ethanol percentages (B and C) presented lower density. In the centrifuge test, none of the samples showed changes. Considering the drug content test, only the industrial sample and the magistral sample C showed drug percentage within the expected (90-110%), indicating lack of correction factor determination by the magistral pharmacies. Furthermore, it was observed that the dosage indicated by the magistral pharmacies do not correspond to the dose indicated by the industry, being significantly lower. All topical solutions tested presented hair follicle penetration of minoxildil, without statistical difference. The results indicate that there is a failure in the magistral pharmacies regarding the production and the indication of dosage of minoxidil topical solutions

Actividad física y bienestar mental durante el distanciamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: A pesquisa buscou compreender como o distanciamento social durante a pandemia COVID-19 impactou os níveis de atividade física e o bem-estar mental. Método: Participaram do estudo 511 pessoas dos 19 estados uruguaios, sendo 69,1% do sexo feminino e com faixa etária entre 18 e 24 anos (43,4%). Os participantes responderam questionário online, contendo questões sobre fadiga, nível de AF antes e após o início da pandemia, escala de Bem-estar Mental Warwick-Edimburgo, tempo que passa em frente as telas e número de pessoas que mantém contato. As informações foram mantidas anônimas e em sigilo, não constando perguntas que pudessem identificar os participantes. Resultados: A aplicação da pesquisa foi durante o período de distanciamento social, permanecendo disponível por um mês e 12 dias. Os resultados mostraram aumento da inatividade física e impacto negativo no bem-estar mental daqueles que se tornaram inativos durante o distanciamento. Conclusão: Em suma, as medidas de distanciamento apresentam prejuízos a saúde física e mental da população, sendo necessária a implementação de medidas de incentivo a prática de AF para que as pessoas possam retomar e aprimorar seus cuidados integrais com a saúde.Objective: This research sought to understand how social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted physical activity levels and mental well-being. Methods: The study included 511 people from 19 Uruguayan states who participated in the study, 69.1% of whom were female and aged between 18 and 24 (43.4%). Participants answered an online questionnaire containing questions about fatigue, PA level before and after the pandemic onset, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, time spent in front of screens and number of people they kept in touch with. The information was kept anonymous and confidential, with no questions that could identify the participants. The survey was conducted during the period of social distancing, remaining available for one month and 12 days. Results: The results showed an increase in physical inactivity and a negative impact on the mental well-being of those who became inactive during the distancing period. Conclusion: In sum, distancing measures caused harm to the physical and mental health of the population, requiring the implementation of measures to encourage PA practice so that people can re-equip and enhance their integral health care.Objetivo: Esta investigación buscó comprender cómo el distanciamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19 impactó en los niveles de actividad física y bienestar mental. Métodos: Participaron 511 personas de 19 estados uruguayos, de las cuales 69,1% eran mujeres y tenían entre 18 y 24 años (43,4%), quienes respondieron un cuestionario online que contenía preguntas sobre fatiga, nivel de AF antes y después del inicio de la pandemia, Escala de Bienestar Mental de Warwick-Edinburgh, tiempo pasado frente a las pantallas y número de personas con las que mantenían contacto. La información se mantuvo anónima y confidencial, sin preguntas que pudieran identificar a los participantes. La encuesta se realizó durante el período de distanciamiento social, y estuvo disponible durante un mes y 12 días. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un aumento de la inactividad física y un impacto negativo en el bienestar mental de quienes se volvieron inactivos durante el período de distanciamiento. Conclusión: En resumen, las medidas de distanciamiento causaron daños a la salud física y mental de la población, siendo necesaria la implementación de medidas que incentiven la práctica de AF para que las personas puedan renovar sus herramientas y mejorar el cuidado integral de su salud.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Locomoción humana: modelos y variables biomecánicas

Limbed locomotion involves different mechanical challenges: in each cycle, limbsmust be repositioned anatomically, with acceleration and deceleration phases and the consequent raising and lowering of the center of mass. As part of human locomotion, walking and running are fundamental activities throughout the life cycle. In particular, running has been highly studied by sports sciences, medicine, physiotherapy, kinesiology, engineering, and biology due to the high joint and muscular impact it generates, commonly causing injuries and alterations in the performance of patients and athletes. The constant study of locomotion has brought to light the different physiological and mechanical challenges when explaining and analyzing phenomena. Using classical texts, this article aims to clarify concepts considered basic and important to understand further research. In addition, different parameters needed to understand locomotion, both in human and animal studies, are explained. The objective of this paper is to review theliterature focused on the mechanical and energetic aspects of locomotion, the effect of size, and the different locomotion patterns and mechanical models. Finally, this paper is presented as a contribution for teachers and students to understand locomotion in the Spanish language.A locomoção com membros implica diferentes desafios do tipo mecânico: em cada ciclo, os segmentos devem ser reposicionados anatomicamente, com fases de aceleração e desaceleração e a subsequente elevação e descenso do centro de massa. Dentro da locomoção humana, a marcha e a corrida são atividades fundamentais em todo o ciclo vital humano. Especificamente, a corrida é uma atividade muito estudada pelas ciências do esporte, medicina, fisioterapia ou cinesiologia, engenharia e biologia, devido à geração de alto impacto articular e muscular, trazendo consigo lesões e alterações no rendimento dos pacientes e esportistas. O constante estudo da locomoção reconheceu diferentes desafios de tipo fisiológico e mecânico, tanto na explicação de fenômenos como na análise destes. Este artigo busca aclarar conceitos através de textos clássicos, considerados básicos e importantes para entender as pesquisas posteriores. Além disso, são explicados diferentes parâmetros que servem para compreender a locomoção, tanto em estudos com humanos quanto com animais. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão da literatura, que se enfoca nos aspectos mecânicos, energéticos, no efeito do tamanho e nos diferentes padrões da locomoção, com seus modelos mecânicos. Finalmente, os autores esperam que este texto, em espanhol, seja uma contribuição para docentes e estudantes para a compreensão da locomoçãoLa locomoción con miembros implica diferentes desafíos de tipo mecánico: en cada ciclo, los segmentos deben reposicionarse anatómicamente, con fases de aceleración y deceleración y la consiguiente elevación y descenso del centro de masa. Dentro de la locomoción humana, la marcha y la carrera son actividades fundamentales en todo el ciclo vital humano. En específico, la carrera es una actividad muy estudiada por las ciencias del deporte, medicina, fisioterapia o kinesiología, ingeniería y biología, por el alto impacto articular y muscular que genera, ya que esta trae consigo lesiones y alteraciones en el rendimiento de los pacientes ydeportistas. El constante estudio de la locomoción ha reconocido diferentes desafíos de tipo fisiológico y mecánico, tanto en la explicación de fenómenos como en el análisis de estos. Este artículo busca aclarar conceptos a través de textos clásicos, que se consideran básicos e importantes para entender las investigaciones posteriores. Además, se explican diferentes parámetros que sirven para comprender la locomoción, tanto en estudios con humanos como en animales. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión de la literatura, que se enfoca en los aspectos mecánicos, energéticos, el efecto del tamaño y los diferentes patrones de la locomoción, con sus modelos mecánicos. Finalmente, los autores esperan que este texto sea un aporte para docentes y estudiantes para la comprensión de la locomoción en idioma español

Medidas angulares de la columna vertebral de adultos mayores activos y sedentarios

Regulated and systematized physical activity is considered to have health benefits in different areas for the older adult, like: body composition, cardiovascular system, metabolic and endocrine level, muscle strength, bones, joints and flexibility. Purpose. Evaluate and compare the spinal angles between two groups of elderly people: active and sedentary, using the flexicurve method. Methods. Participated 30 elderly people, of which they were divided into two groups: 15 active and 15 sedentary (they did not present differences for anthropometric characteristics), between 65 and 74 years old. To measure the angles of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic and lumbar) the flexicurve and the Biomec Flex software v.3.0 are used. Results. Significant difference was obtained between groups in the measurement of the cervical spine, where only active older adults presented measurements within normal parameters, and sedentary older adults presented cervical hyperlordosis. The lumbar spine measurements presented curvature rectification values for both groups (according to the reference values of the literature). Conclusion. The curvature of the cervical spine was affected in sedentary older adults in the present study, compared to the curvature of the spine in active older adults. Furthermore, the rectification of the curvature of the lumbar spine and the changes due to this posture should be considered in the planning of physical exercise in this population.  Se considera que la actividad física regulada y sistematizada conlleva beneficios para la salud en diferentes ámbitos para el adulto mayor, ya sean: composición corporal, sistema cardiovascular, nivel metabólico y endócrino, fuerza muscular, huesos, articulaciones y flexibilidad. Objetivo. Evaluar y comparar los ángulos de la columna entre dos grupos de adultos mayores: activos y sedentarios, utilizando el método de flexicurva. Métodos. Para este estudio participaron 30 adultos mayores, de los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: 15 activos y 15 sedentarios (no presentaron diferencias cuanto a características antropométricas), entre 65 y 74 años. Para medir los ángulos de la columna vertebral (cervical, torácica y lumbar) se utiliza la flexicurva y el software Biomec Flex v.3.0. Resultados. Se obtuvo como resultado una diferencia significativa entre grupos en la medida de la columna cervical, donde solo los adultos mayores activos presentan medidas dentro de los parámetros normales, y los sedentarios presentaron hiperlordosis cervical. Las medidas de la columna lumbar presentaron valores de rectificación de la curvatura para ambos grupos (de acuerdo con los valores de referencia de la literatura). Conclusión. La curvatura de la columna cervical se mostró afectada en adultos mayores sedentarios del presente estudio, en comparación la curvatura de la columna de los adultos mayores activos. Además la rectificación de la curvatura de la columna lumbar y los cambios debido a esta postura deben ser considerados en la planificación de ejercicio físico en esta población.

The effects of preventive shoulder exercises in electromyographic and pain levels in child swimming athletes - a before-after analysis: preventive shoulder exercises

The aim of this study was to evaluate maximum voluntary contraction through surface electromyography in stabilizer shoulder muscles, as well as the clinical evaluation of shoulder injury in the pre, post, and detraining stages of specific training in child swimmers. Twelve competitive swimmers volunteered for this study. Anthropometric measurements, clinical examination, electromyography (with Delsys® data acquisition system), and pain intensity levels were performed. Clinical examination and EMG data were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction pre, post, and after detraining. The intervention program lasted for 12 weeks. The pain group presented higher pain intensity values compared to the post-intervention program. Most of the tests presented lower values at the detraining compared to the baseline. After the intervention, pain levels significantly decreased in five tests. Muscle strengthening work is highly recommended because it improves the swimmer’s shoulder performance, reducing injuries and decreasing pain intensity after 12 weeks of intervention.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio