THE WIDE ASSORTMENT MODELS OF FORMATION IN THE RETAIL NETWORK

Retailers with an extended range of reasons for lack of required diagnostic efficiency of their activities. The organization of the retail network should take into account, the basic problem that is associated with the formation of the range.Retailers with an extended range of reasons for lack of required diagnostic efficiency of their activities. The organization of the retail network should take into account, the basic problem that is associated with the formation of the range

Formation of the Strategy of Social and Economic Development of the Distribution Network of Consumer Goods

The aim of the study is to form a strategy of socio-economic development of the distribution network of consumer goods based on the time factor and forecast changes in the technological mode for the long term. In any sphere of market economy is necessary to develop the strategy for socioeconomic development, which would take into account these changes. The main changes in modern market relations concern not only technological factors caused by the «digitalization» of the economy, but also organizational and social transformations: the introduction of tools of advanced marketing concepts and principles of social capital.The approach is proposed, according to which the principles of integration of interests of market participants and social capital, as well as the instruments of the social and ethical concept of marketing, are based on the modern development strategy of the most important area in the sphere of circulation, namely, the distribution consumer network. Failure to comply with these principles leads to social tension in financial, commercial, business and contractual relations in the distribution processes caused by the divergence of the interests of participants in the framework of strategic goals, realizing their functions and processes that accompany material and non-material flows and services, which causes high marketing and logistics costs associated with unproductive and transactional costs. The identification of the causes of social contradictions between partners of supply chains in the Russian consumer market and their economic consequences is an actual problem, the solution of which will help to increase the socioeconomic efficiency of the distribution policy and the satisfaction of end-users. A block diagram of the formation of an integrated value chain is proposed by introducing marketing social and ethical innovations, through which the loyalty of the subjects of market relations is achieved.The chain of business processes of an integrated value chain can be viewed as a technological platform in which business partners are united into a single structure or a chain of creation of use value in the sphere of circulation, and its participants are integrated on the basis of unity of interests, goals, processes, functions and accompanying material processes and intangible flows. Thus, the social and economic efficiency of Russian consumer sales networks is ensured by reducing the loss of time and labor costs for business interaction and cooperation. In addition, an even greater effect can be obtained by better satisfying the final consumers and increasing the volume of trade, which leads to an increase in the marginal profit of traders

Genome-wide association studies for feedlot and growth traits in cattle

A genome wide-association study for production traits in cattle was carried out using genotype data from the 10K Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) and the 50K Illumina (San Diego, CA) SNP chips. The results for residual feed intake (RFI), BW, and hip height in 3 beef breed types (Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and B. indicus × B. taurus), and for stature in dairy cattle, are presented. The aims were to discover SNP associated with all traits studied, but especially RFI, and further to test the consistency of SNP effects across different cattle populations and breed types. The data were analyzed within data sets and within breed types by using a mixed model and fitting 1 SNP at a time. In each case, the number of significant SNP was more than expected by chance alone. A total of 75 SNP from the reference population with 50K chip data were significant (P < 0.001) for RFI, with a false discovery rate of 68%. These 75 SNP were mapped on 24 different BTA. Of the 75 SNP, the 9 most significant SNP were detected on BTA 3, 5, 7, and 8, with P ≤ 6.0 × 10 . In a population of Angus cattle divergently selected for high and low RFI and 10K chip data, 111 SNP were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with RFI, with a false discovery rate of 7%. Approximately 103 of these SNP were therefore likely to represent true positives. Because of the small number of SNP common to both the 10K and 50K SNP chips, only 27 SNP were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with RFI in the 2 populations. However, other chromosome regions were found that contained SNP significantly associated with RFI in both data sets, although no SNP within the region showed a consistent effect on RFI. The SNP effects were consistent between data sets only when estimated within the same breed type

Describing Ecological Potential and Ecological States of Rangeland to Support Livestock Management in Mongolia

Perception of rangeland degradation in Mongolia and its causes are well known but herders and policy makers lack clear messages on how much rangeland is degraded, whether is it reversible, and what management changes should be implemented. This paper illustrates a portion of our ongoing efforts to develop ESDs that can be used at the grass roots level as management tools. At the Undurshireet soum study site, which is split mainly into Gravelly, Loamy, Sandy, and Deep sandy ecological sites, rangeland community shifts in Gravelly and Loamy ecological sites are interpreted as reversible shifts in species composition or species proportion within the states, indicating that a change to grazing management may be effective for restoration of desired conditions. Sandy and Deep sandy ecological sites in this area are at high risk of erosion and may be more difficult to restore

Каталитические свойства и устойчивость порошковых сплавов никель–олово в процессе электрохимического выделения водорода из раствора щелочи

Ni–Sn powder alloys with a nickel content from 24.4 to 78.5 at.% and from 30.6 to 55.1 at.%, respectively, were synthesized chemically and electrochemically for the use as catalysts for the hydrogen electrochemical reduction (HER) in alkali solution. It was established that the catalytically active surface area of chemically synthesized powders was larger in comparison with electrochemically obtained ones. Ni24.4Sn75.6 powder alloy has the largest surface area. It was found that catalytic properties of chemically synthesized powders increased in the row Ni24.4Sn75.6 &lt; Ni78.5Sn21.5 &lt; Ni. Electrochem ically obtained alloys are inefficient as HER catalysts. It was found that Ni24.4Sn75.6 alloy is characterized by the greater re tention of catalytically active surface area during exploitation in alkali solution in comparison with Ni and Ni78.5Sn21.5 alloy. Химически и электрохимически синтезированы порошковые сплавы Ni–Sn с содержанием никеля соответственно от 24,4 до 78,5 ат.% и от 30,6 до 55,1 ат.% для применения в качестве катализаторов электрохимического восстановления водорода в растворе щелочи. Установлено, что каталитически активная площадь поверхности химически синтезированных порошков больше в сравнении с электрохимически полученными, максимальной площадью характеризуется сплав Ni24,4Sn75,6. Выявлено, что для химически синтезированных порошков каталитические свойства, оцененные по значению потенциала, при котором достигается плотность тока 10 мА/см2, возрастают в ряду Ni24,4Sn75,6 &lt; Ni78,5Sn21,5 &lt; Ni; электрохимически полученные сплавы являются неэффективными катализаторами. Установлено, что сплав Ni24,4Sn75,6 характеризуется большей сохранностью каталитически активной площади поверхности в процессе эксплуатации в сравнении с никелем и сплавом Ni78,5Sn21,5

Scans for signatures of selection in Russian cattle breed genomes reveal new candidate genes for environmental adaptation and acclimation

Domestication and selective breeding has resulted in over 1000 extant cattle breeds. Many of these breeds do not excel in important traits but are adapted to local environments. These adaptations are a valuable source of genetic material for efforts to improve commercial breeds. As a step toward this goal we identified candidate regions to be under selection in genomes of nine Russian native cattle breeds adapted to survive in harsh climates. After comparing our data to other breeds of European and Asian origins we found known and novel candidate genes that could potentially be related to domestication, economically important traits and environmental adaptations in cattle. The Russian cattle breed genomes contained regions under putative selection with genes that may be related to adaptations to harsh environments (e.g., AQP5, RAD50, and RETREG1). We found genomic signatures of selective sweeps near key genes related to economically important traits, such as the milk production (e.g., DGAT1, ABCG2), growth (e.g., XKR4), and reproduction (e.g., CSF2). Our data point to candidate genes which should be included in future studies attempting to identify genes to improve the extant breeds and facilitate generation of commercial breeds that fit better into the environments of Russia and other countries with similar climates

Prevalence and Determinants of QuantiFERON-Diagnosed Tuberculosis Infection in 9810 Mongolian Schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: There is controversy regarding the potential influence of vitamin D deficiency, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, BCG vaccination, season, and body habitus on susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to identify determinants of a positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) assay result in children aged 6-13 years attending 18 schools in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Data relating to potential risk factors for MTB infection were collected by questionnaire, physical examination, and determination of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated with adjustment for potential confounders, and population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for modifiable risk factors identified. RESULTS: Nine hundred forty-six of 9810 (9.6%) participants had a positive QFT result. QFT positivity was independently associated with household exposure to pulmonary tuberculosis (adjusted RR [aRR], 4.75 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 4.13-5.46, P < .001]; PAF, 13.1% [95% CI, 11.1%-15.0%]), vitamin D deficiency (aRR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.08-1.40], P = .002; PAF, 5.7% [95% CI, 1.9%-9.3%]), exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (1 indoor smoker, aRR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.04-1.35]; ≥2 indoor smokers, aRR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.02-1.64]; P for trend = .006; PAF, 7.2% [95% CI, 2.2%-12.0%]), and increasing age (aRR per additional year, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.10-1.19], P < .001). No statistically significant independent association was seen for presence of a BCG scar, season of sampling, or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke are potentially modifiable risk factors for MTB infection

Каталитическая активность порошковых сплавов никель–медь в процессах электрохимического выделения водорода в растворе щелочи и щелочном растворе этанола

Ni93Cu and Ni82Cu (at%) alloys were synthesized by the method of combined chemical reduction of Ni(II) and Cu(II) with hydrazine hydrate. These alloys consist of crystalline phases of nickel, solid solution of copper in nickel. Determination by the “capacitive method” of the electrochemically active surface area of working graphite electrodes with “catalytic inks” containing Ni93Cu and Ni82Cu powders showed that it is 4 and 20 % larger than for nickel powder, respectively. It was found that powder alloys Ni93Cu and Ni82Cu are applicable as catalysts for the electrochemical process of hydrogen evolution in alkaline solutions and alkaline ethanol solution. It was determined that the catalytic activity of Ni82Cu powder alloy in the process of hydrogen evolution in the alkaline ethanol solution is higher than for nickel and Ni93Cu powders. The catalytic ability of the Ni82Cu powder alloy during cycling for 25 cycles practically does not change, in contrast to Ni and Ni93Cu.  Методом совместного химического восстановления Ni(II) и Cu(II) гидратом гидразина синтезированы сплавы Ni93Cu и Ni82Cu (ат.%), состоящие из кристаллических фаз никеля, твердого раствора меди в никеле. Определение емкостным методом электрохимически активной площади поверхности рабочих графитовых электродов с «каталитическими чернилами», содержащими порошки Ni93Cu и Ni82Cu, показало, что она на 4 и 20 % больше, чем для порошка никеля. Установлено, что порошковые сплавы Ni93Cu и Ni82Cu применимы в качестве катализаторов электрохимического процесса выделения водорода в растворах щелочей и щелочном растворе этанола. Определено, что каталитическая активность порошкового сплава Ni82Cu в процессе выделения водорода в щелочном растворе этанола выше, чем для порошков никеля и Ni93Cu. Каталитическая способность порошкового сплава Ni82Cu при циклировании в течение 25 циклов практически не меняется в отличие от Ni и Ni93Cu.

A Genome-Wide SNP Scan Reveals Novel Loci for Egg Production and Quality Traits in White Leghorn and Brown-Egg Dwarf Layers

Availability of the complete genome sequence as well as high-density SNP genotyping platforms allows genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in chickens. A high-density SNP array containing 57,636 markers was employed herein to identify associated variants underlying egg production and quality traits within two lines of chickens, i.e., White Leghorn and brown-egg dwarf layers. For each individual, age at first egg (AFE), first egg weight (FEW), and number of eggs (EN) from 21 to 56 weeks of age were recorded, and egg quality traits including egg weight (EW), eggshell weight (ESW), yolk weight (YW), eggshell thickness (EST), eggshell strength (ESS), albumen height(AH) and Haugh unit(HU) were measured at 40 and 60 weeks of age. A total of 385 White Leghorn females and 361 brown-egg dwarf dams were selected to be genotyped. The genome-wide scan revealed 8 SNPs showing genome-wise significant (P<1.51E-06, Bonferroni correction) association with egg production and quality traits under the Fisher's combined probability method. Some significant SNPs are located in known genes including GRB14 and GALNT1 that can impact development and function of ovary, but more are located in genes with unclear functions in layers, and need to be studied further. Many chromosome-wise significant SNPs were also detected in this study and some of them are located in previously reported QTL regions. Most of loci detected in this study are novel and the follow-up replication studies may be needed to further confirm the functional significance for these newly identified SNPs