Appréhender l’expérience d’un stage de musiques et danses cubaines à Santiago de Cuba

This article proposes to lay the theoretical and epistemological foundations allowing an in-depth examination of the experiences of a group of tourists participating in a Cuban musical stage production in Santiago de Cuba. Arguing that this is still a field of research little explored in ethnomusicology, the author begins with a review of existing scholarship on the relationships between tourism and music. She then considers the concept of experience and its cross-application to these two domains. Finally, she is interested in a field methodology which permits a holistic experience of these domains, namely embodied research.Cet article propose de poser les bases théoriques et épistémiques permettant d’examiner en profondeur les paramètres de l’expérience vécue par un groupe de touristes participant à un stage de musiques cubaines à Santiago de Cuba. Constatant qu’il s’agit d’un terrain de recherche encore peu exploré en ethnomusicologie, l’auteure propose d’abord une revue des écrits portant sur la relation entre tourisme et musique. Elle investigue ensuite le concept d’expérience et son application croisée à ces deux domaines. Enfin, elle s’intéresse à la méthodologie de terrain permettant d’appréhender de façon holistique l’expérience d’un tel cadre, notamment par le biais du concept d’embodied research

Les marchés de la biodiversité

Depuis la fin des années 1980, l’essor des biotechnologies et l’extension des brevets sur le vivant ont laissé entrevoir des possibilités d’utilisations lucratives des substances naturelles, notamment dans les secteurs de la pharmacie, de la cosmétique, de l’agroalimentaire... Pour concilier la conservation de la biodiversité et les revendications des populations autochtones gardiennes de ces ressources, la Convention sur la diversité biologique, signée lors du Sommet de Rio en 1992, a préconisé l’institution de marchés. Il s’agissait aussi d’en finir avec la bio-piraterie et d’assurer « le partage juste et équitable des avantages tirés de l’exploitation des ressources génétiques ». Ces « marchés de la biodiversité », soutenus par la vague du libéralisme économique, ont été l’objet de toutes les spéculations. Mais au-delà du slogan, qu’en est-il aujourd’hui de la marchandisation du vivant ? Comment se décline-t-elle du Nord au Sud ? Le cadre juridique et politique de la Convention n’est-il pas déjà dépassé par l’évolution des connaissances et des techniques, et peu adapté à la complexité des situations observées ? Pour répondre à ces questions, économistes, juristes, sociologues, anthropologues et biochimistes apportent ici un éclairage nouveau, documenté et critique, sur le modèle de conservation de la biodiversité fondé sur son exploitation commerciale

Comparative pelvic development of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri): Conservation and innovation across the fish-tetrapod transition

Background: The fish-tetrapod transition was one of the major events in vertebrate evolution and was enabled by many morphological changes. Although the transformation of paired fish fins into tetrapod limbs has been a major topic of study in recent years, both from paleontological and comparative developmental perspectives, the interest has focused almost exclusively on the distal part of the appendage and in particular the origin of digits. Relatively little attention has been paid to the transformation of the pelvic girdle from a small unipartite structure to a large tripartite weight-bearing structure, allowing tetrapods to rely mostly on their hindlimbs for locomotion. In order to understand how the ischium and the ilium evolved and how the acetabulum was reoriented during this transition, growth series of the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri and the Mexican axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum were cleared and stained for cartilage and bone and immunostained for skeletal muscles. In order to understand the myological developmental data, hypotheses about the homologies of pelvic muscles in adults of Latimeria, Neoceratodus and Necturus were formulated based on descriptions from the literature of the coelacanth (Latimeria), the Australian Lungfish (Neoceratodus) and a salamander (Necturus).Results: In the axolotl and the lungfish, the chondrification of the pelvic girdle starts at the acetabula and progresses anteriorly in the lungfish and anteriorly and posteriorly in the salamander. The ilium develops by extending dorsally to meet and connect to the sacral rib in the axolotl. Homologous muscles develop in the same order with the hypaxial musculature developing first, followed by the deep, then the superficial pelvic musculature.Conclusions: Development of the pelvic endoskeleton and musculature is very similar in Neoceratodus and Ambystoma. If the acetabulum is seen as being a fixed landmark, the evolution of the ischium only required pubic pre-chondrogenic cells to migrate posteriorly. It is hypothesized that the iliac process or ridge present in most tetrapodomorph fish is the precursor to the tetrapod ilium and that its evolution mimicked its development in modern salamanders

At What Cost? Trade-Offs and Influences on Energetic Investment in Tail Regeneration in Lizards Following Autotomy.

Caudal autotomy, the ability to shed a portion of the tail, is a widespread defence strategy among lizards. Following caudal autotomy, and during regeneration, lizards face both short- and long-term costs associated with the physical loss of the tail and the energy required for regeneration. As such, the speed at which the individual regenerates its tail (regeneration rate) should reflect the fitness priorities of the individual. However, multiple factors influence the regeneration rate in lizards, making inter-specific comparisons difficult and hindering broader scale investigations. We review regeneration rates for lizards and tuatara from the published literature, discuss how species' fitness priorities and regeneration rates are influenced by specific, life history and environmental factors, and provide recommendations for future research. Regeneration rates varied extensively (0-4.3 mm/day) across the 56 species from 14 family groups. Species-specific factors, influencing regeneration rates, varied based on the type of fracture plane, age, sex, reproductive season, and longevity. Environmental factors including temperature, photoperiod, nutrition, and stress also affected regeneration rates, as did the method of autotomy induction, and the position of the tail also influenced regeneration rates for lizards. Additionally, regeneration could alter an individual's behaviour, growth, and reproductive output, but this varied depending on the species

Évaluation du potentiel antioxydant et antibactérien d'extraits de macroalgues du Saint-Laurent

RÉSUMÉ: Le but de cette recherche était de contribuer la valorisation de la biomasse marine en déterminant le potentiel antioxydant et antibactérien de trois extraits d'espèces de macroalgues de l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent, soit Saccharina longicruris, Ascophyllum nodosum et Ulva lactuca, obtenus par extraction avec de 1'éthanol 100% à des températures de 50 et 80°C. La quantité de phénols totaux mesurée était respectivement de 7,1, 50,2 et 6,9 mg GAE/g. Les activités antioxydantes les plus importantes étaient de 90,6% de DPPH réduit, à 50°C, pour A. nodosum lorsque quantifiées avec l'essai DPPH et de 128,6 umol TE/g avec l'essai ORAC. Pour l'essai FRAP c'est U. lactuca avec 2972,7 umol TE/g, à 50°C, qui possédait la réponse la plus importante. L'extrait éthanolique total d'U. lactuca, en présence des bactéries Escherichia coli et Micrococcus luteus, à induit les diminutions les plus importantes de la croissance cellulaire avec 69,5 et 61,5% tandis que l'extrait de S. longicruris, a induit une plus grande diminution de la croissance chez Brochothrix thermosphacta avec 38,0% d'inhibition. Les fractions F2, F3, F4, F5 et F6, issues du fractionnement bioguidé des extraits éthanoliques totaux réalisés à 80°C, possèdent toutes un potentiel antioxydant supérieur à l'extrait initial, lorsqu'évaluées avec FRAP. Cette augmentation, était plus particulièrement observée pour F3 et F4 avec 2 212,8 et 1 238,5 umol TE/g. Cette étude est le début d'un projet plus vaste et la purification ainsi que l'identification de composés actifs restent à venir. Les macroalgues du Saint-Laurent possèdent des molécules à valeurs ajoutées démontrant des propriétés antioxydantes et antibactériennes ce qui peut conduire à la valorisation de cette biomasse d'importance dans le Québec maritime. -- Mots clés: antioxydant, antibactérien, valorisation, macroalgues, Saccharina longicruris, Ascophyllum nodosum, Ulva lactuca, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Brochothrix thernio phacta, DPPH, FRAP, ORAC. -- ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research was to valorize the marine biomass by determining the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of three seeweed species of the St. Lawrence River estuary, which are Saccharina longicruris, Ascophyllum nodosum and Ulva lactuca, extracted with 100% ethanol, to both 50°C temperature and 80°C. The amount of total phenols was 7.1, 50.2 and 6.9 mg GAE/g, respectively. The most important antioxidant activities were 90.6% of DPPH reduced at 50°C for A. nodosum, quantified with the DPPH assay, and 128.6 umol TE/g with the ORAC assay. With the FRAP assay, U. lactuca displayed the best response with 2972.7 umol TE/g at 50°C. The total ethanolic extract of U. lactuca induced the most significant growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus bacterial strains with 69.5 and 61.5%, respectively, while the S. longicruris extract reduced most significantly the Brochothrix thermosphacta growth with an inhibition of 38.0%. The fractions F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6, resulting from bioguided fractionation of the total ethanolic extracts, performed at 80°C, displayed higher antioxidant potential in comparison to the initial extract, when assessed with the FRAP assay. This increase was esspecially important for F3 and F4 with values of 212.8 and 1 238.5 umol TE/g, respectively. This study is the beginning of a larger project expecting further isolation and identification of active compounds. Seeweeds of the St. Lawrence River estuary possess high value-added molecules demonstrating antioxidant and antibacterial properties which could lead to the enhancement of this biomass of importance in the Quebec maritime. -- Keywords: antioxidant, antibactrial, valorisation, seaweeds, Saccharina longicruris, Ascophyllum nodosum, Ulva lactuca, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Brochothrix thermosphacta, DPPH, FRAP, ORAC

Music'Oriente : appréhender l'expérience d'un stage de musiques cubaines à Santiago de Cuba

Cette version du mémoire a été tronquée des éléments de composition originale, ces éléments donnant des informations d'ordre structurel qui permettraient d'identifier le stage qui fait l'objet de la présente recherche. Une version plus complète est disponible en ligne pour les membres de la communauté de l’Université de Montréal et peut aussi être consultée dans une des bibliothèques UdeM.Ce mémoire a pour objectif de dégager les paramètres de l'expérience vécue par un groupe de stagiaires ayant participé à l'édition 2014 du stage Music’Oriente axé sur l'apprentissage des musiques cubaines, à Santiago de Cuba. Notre recherche porte précisément sur les diverses stratégies mises en oeuvre par les participants pour optimiser leur expérience. Sur ce type de terrain, la relation musico-touristique demande d'être appréhendée suivant des paramètres distincts du schéma performanciel classique situant le touriste dans le public et laissant le plus souvent la pratique musicale aux natifs. Selon notre perspective, dans le stage de musique, l'expérience du touriste doit être prise en compte non seulement pour l'appréciation que celui-ci a des prestations qui lui sont données à voir, mais également pour les significations qu'il attribue à sa démarche d'apprentissage musical en contexte de voyage à l'étranger. Mobilisant les outils de l'ethnomusicologie, de la philosophie, de la psychologie sociale et de l'anthropologie du tourisme, et à l'aide des notions d'expérience (Dewey c2005) et de flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1990), ce mémoire met notamment en exergue que le processus d'optimisation nécessite de la part des stagiaires de Music’Oriente une constante négociation de leur rapport au connu et à l'inconnu, dans la perspective de retirer les plus grands bénéfices d'une expérience d'immersion dans un cadre étranger. Par cette recherche, nous souhaitons que notre apport théorique, axé sur l'agentivité des touristes et sur leur démarche de construction de sens, contribuera à une compréhension plus approfondie de la dimension expérientielle de la pratique musicale en contexte touristique.This thesis aims to identify the parameters of the experience of a group of tourists who participated in the 2014 edition of the Music’Oriente workshop, which focused on learning Cuban music in Santiago de Cuba. Our research is specifically concerned with the various strategies used by the participants to optimize their experience. The music-tourism relationship in this field requires a different perspective than that for a classic performance pattern which places the tourists in the audience and leaves most of the musical practice to natives. When considering the tourists’ experiences in the musical workshop, our perspective reveals that not only is the tourists’ appreciation of the musical performance important but also their attribution of meaning to their own music-learning approach in the context of travel abroad. By putting the tools of ethnomusicology, philosophy, social psychology and anthropology of tourism into action, and by using the concepts of experience (Dewey c2005) and flow (Csikszentmihalyi 1990), this thesis aims to highlight that the process of optimization requires participants to constantly negotiate their relationship to the known and the unknown to achieve the highest number of benefits of immersion in a foreign context. Through this research, we hope that our theoretical contribution, focused on the tourists' agency and process of constructing meaning, will lead to a deeper understanding of the experiential dimension of musical practice in a tourism context

Imaging With the Past: Revealing the Complexity of Chimaeroid Pelvic Musculature Anatomy and Development

Chondrichthyans are now widely adopted as models for examining the development and evolution of the stem gnathostome body plan. The fins of some cartilaginous fish are recognized for their plesiomorphic form and mode of muscular development, i.e., epithelial extension. Despite detailed molecular and descriptive examinations of these developmental mechanisms, there has been little contemporary examination of the ontogeny and morphology of the musculature in chondrichthyans including that of the paired fins. This gap represents a need for further examination of the developmental morphology of these appendicular musculatures to gain insight into their evolution in gnathostomes. The elephant shark is a Holocephalan, the sister group of all other chondrichthyans (Holocephali: Callorhinchus milii). Here, we use nano-CT imaging and 3D reconstructions to describe the development of the pelvic musculature of a growth series of elephant shark embryos. We also use historical descriptions from the nineteenth century and traditional dissection methods to describe the adult anatomy. This combined approach, using traditional methods and historical knowledge with modern imaging techniques, has enabled a more thorough examination of the anatomy and development of the pelvic musculature revealing that chimaeroid musculatures are more complex than previously thought. These data, when compared to extant and extinct sister taxa, are essential for interpreting and reconstructing fossil musculatures as well as understanding the evolution of paired fins

Mineralization of the Callorhinchus Vertebral Column (Holocephali; Chondrichthyes)

Members of the Chondrichthyes (Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) are distinguished by their largely cartilaginous endoskeletons, which comprise an uncalcified core overlain by a mineralized layer; in the Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays) most of this mineralization takes the form of calcified polygonal tiles known as tesserae. In recent years, these skeletal tissues have been described in ever increasing detail in sharks and rays, but those of Holocephali (chimaeroids) have been less well-studied, with conflicting accounts as to whether or not tesserae are present. During embryonic ontogeny in holocephalans, cervical vertebrae fuse to form a structure called the synarcual. The synarcual mineralizes early and progressively, anteroposteriorly and dorsoventrally, and therefore presents a good skeletal structure in which to observe mineralized tissues in this group. Here, we describe the development and mineralization of the synarcual in an adult and stage 36 elephant shark embryo (Callorhinchus milii). Small, discrete, but irregular blocks of cortical mineralization are present in stage 36, similar to what has been described recently in embryos of other chimaeroid taxa such as Hydrolagus, while in Callorhinchus adults, the blocks of mineralization are more irregular, but remain small. This differs from fossil members of the holocephalan crown group (Edaphodon), as well as from stem group holocephalans (e.g., Symmorida, Helodus, Iniopterygiformes), where tesserae are notably larger than in Callorhinchus and show similarities to elasmobranch tesserae, for example with respect to polygonal shape

Impact of genomic testing and patient-reported outcomes on receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy

Practice guidelines incorporate genomic tumor profiling, using results such as the Oncotype DX Recurrence Score (RS), to refine recurrence risk estimates for the large proportion of breast cancer patients with early-stage, estrogen receptor-positive disease. We sought to understand the impact of receiving genomic recurrence risk estimates on breast cancer patients’ well-being and the impact of these patient-reported outcomes on receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. Participants were 193 women (mean age 57) newly diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Women were interviewed before and 2–3 weeks after receiving the RS result between 2011 and 2015. We assessed subsequent receipt of chemotherapy from chart review. After receiving their RS, perceived pros (t = 4.27, P < .001) and cons (t = 8.54, P <.001) of chemotherapy increased from pre-test to post-test, while perceived risk of breast cancer recurrence decreased (t = 2.90, P = .004). Women with high RS tumors were more likely to receive chemotherapy than women with low RS tumors (88 vs. 5 %, OR 0.01, 0.00–0.02, P < .001). Higher distress (OR 2.19, 95 % CI 1.05–4.57, P < .05) and lower perceived cons of chemotherapy (OR 0.50, 95 % CI 0.26–0.97, P < .05) also predicted receipt of chemotherapy. Distressed patients who saw few downsides of chemotherapy received this treatment. Clinicians should consider these factors when discussing chemotherapy with breast cancer patients