Écophysiologie de semis de conifères ectomycorhizés en milieu salin et sodique

La réponse physiologique au stress sodique de semis d’épinette blanche (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) et de pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) inoculés avec des champignons ectomycorhiziens (ECM) a été évaluée afin de déterminer les bénéfices de l’inoculation pour la croissance et la survie. Ces expériences ont été menées avec un objectif appliqué servant l’amélioration des techniques de production de semis destinés à la végétalisation de sols reconstitués à partir de rejets salins issus de l’exploitation des sables bitumineux dans le Nord-Est de l’Alberta (Canada). Dans un premier volet, nous avons observé que le potentiel inoculant de sols reconstruits d’âges différents ainsi que des matériaux utilisés pour la reconstruction des sols est très faible voire nul. Dans un deuxième temps, la résistance et la réponse physiologique in vitro de champignons ecto- et ectendomycorhiziens (Hymenoscyphus sp., Phialocephala sp., Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing., Snell and Dick, Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton, Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull) Quel.) de différentes provenances ont été déterminées. Enfin, des semis d’épinette blanche et de pin gris inoculés en serre avec les trois champignons ECM évalués in vitro ont été exposés à différents niveaux d’excès de NaCl. La mesure d’un ensemble d’indicateurs physiologiques a montré que les mycobiotes sont capables d’influencer la réponse de l’hôte face à une concentration donnée de NaCl. L’inoculation d’une souche de S. tomentosus, isolée d’un site salin et sodique, a permis une augmentation de la production de biomasse des semis et l’inoculation avec une souche de H. crustuliniforme a favorisé les capacités d’ajustement osmotique des semis. Ces deux champignons sont des espèces potentielles pour l’inoculation contrôlée en pépinière.The physiological response of inoculated ectomycorrhizal (ECM) white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings to sodic stress was evaluated to determine the benefits of inoculation for growth and survival. These experiments served the improvement of nursery seedling production for revegetation of reconstructed soils from tailing sands originating from the oil sand mining in Northeastern Alberta (Canada). In a first step, we showed that the inoculum potential of reconstructed soils of different ages and materials used in soil reconstruction was very low or null. In a second step, the resistance and physiological response of five ecto- and ectendomycorrhizal fungal species (Hymenoscyphus sp., Phialocephala sp., Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing., Snell and Dick, Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton, Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull) Quel.) from different sources were assessed in vitro. Finally, white spruce and jack pine seedlings inoculated in greenhouse with the three ECM fungi evaluated in vitro were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl. Using several physiological indicators, mycobionts were showed to influence host response to a given NaCl concentration. Under sodic conditions, inoculation with an isolate of S. tomentosus from a saline and sodic site increased seedling biomass production and inoculation with an isolate of H. crustuliniforme increased seedling osmotic adjustment capabilities. The latter two fungi are potential candidates for tree nursery inoculation

Organic ultrathin film adhesion on compliant substrate using scratch test technique

International audienceMany adhesion test techniques have been developed to measure the adhesion energy of thin films but they are hard to implement in the case of submicron organic thin films deposited on a flexible substrate. Recently the feasibility and repeatability of the scratch test technique as a tool for testing the adhesion and the damage behaviour of ultra-thin films on polymer substrates has been demonstrated. However, direct comparison of the critical load between samples was not straightforward since different failure mechanisms were induced. In the present work, we have performed nanoscratch experiments on submicron thin films deposited on a flexible substrate. The use of a tip radius of 5 μm enabled a unique delamination mechanism to be induced by localizing and maximizing the stress closer to the interface. We have observed an increase of the critical load on samples processed with an adhesive plasma treatment prior to thin film deposition, confirming the effectiveness of this treatment. We have also performed mechanical ageing tests on specimens and proved that the scratch test technique is sensitive enough to monitor the degradation of the interface properties. Finally, we have discussed some existing energy models. Taking into account some limitations, Laugier's model gives an upper bound for the adhesion energy

Stratégie descendante par Infliximab dans le traitement des MICI (étude rétrospective sur l'évolution des pratiques au CHU de Grenoble entre 2008 et 2011)

Cette thèse porte sur l évolution de la place de l infliximab dans la prise en charge des MICI. Les MICI sont des pathologies inflammatoires du tractus digestif regroupant la maladie de Crohn ainsi que la rectocolite ulcéro hémorragique. L analyse des dernières données de la littérature nationale et internationale disponibles sur la prise en charge médicale des patients MICI montre que depuis la mise sur le marché en 1999 de l infliximab, ses indications et ses schémas thérapeutiques ont évolués ainsi que les stratégies associées. La stratégie ascendante appelée également Step-up était jusqu'à fin 2007 la stratégie recommandée dans la prise en charge des MICI. Les stratégies thérapeutiques ont évoluées d une stratégie ascendante gradant les anti-TNF alpha en alternative vers une stratégie descendante à partir de 2008 aux résultats de l étude SONIC. Dans ce contexte, se pose la question de l évolution des pratiques post-SONIC au CHU de Grenoble. Cette étude se propose donc de comparer les pratiques actuelles à celles d avant 2008 et d évaluer l impact de l évolution des pratiques sur l efficacité et la tolérance des stratégies proposées grâce à une étude rétrospective menée dans le service d Hépato- gastro entérologie au CHU de Grenoble.GRENOBLE1-BU Médecine pharm. (385162101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Effects of High Nutrient Supply on the Growth of Seven Bamboo Species

International audienceOver the last decade, bamboo has emerged as an interesting plant for the treatment of various polluted waters using plant-based wastewater treatment systems. In these systems, nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in wastewater can exceed plant requirements and potentially limit plant growth. The effects of two nutrient rates on the growth of seven bamboo species were assessed in a one-year experiment: Dendrocalamus strictus, Thyrsostachys siamensis, Bambusa tuldoides, Gigantochloa wrayi, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa multiplex and Bambusa vulgaris. Nutrient rates were applied with a 20:20:20 NPK fertilizer as 2.6 and 13.2 t.ha.yr−1NPK to three-year-old bamboo planted in 70 L containers. Morphological characters, photosynthetic responses, and NPK content in bamboo tissues were investigated. Under high-nutrient supply rate, the main trend observed was an increase of culm production but the culms’ diameters were reduced. For the seven species, the aboveground biomass yield tended to increase with high-nutrient rate. Increasing in nutrient rates also improved the photosynthetic activity which is consistent with the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus contents measured in plant tissues. All the bamboo species tested appears suitable for wastewater treatment purposes, but the species Bambusa oldhamii and Gigantochloa wrayi showed the higher biomass yield and nutrient removal

Bamboo Plantations for Phytoremediation of Pig Slurry: Plant Response and Nutrient Uptake

International audienceOn Réunion Island, a French overseas territory located in the western Indian Ocean, increasing pig livestock farming is generating large quantities of slurry. Most of it is spread on a little agricultural land due to the insular context. Considering the limitation of the quantities that can be spread on agricultural areas (European “Nitrate Directive” 91/676/EEC), the use of wastewater treatment systems using phytoremediation principles is an attractive option for the pig slurry treatment. A wastewater treatment system using bamboo groves was assessed for the pig slurry treatment. Three field plots were designed on an agricultural area and planted with 40 bamboo clumps on each plot. A total of 67 m3 of pig slurry was spread on two plots in two forms: raw slurry and centrifuged slurry. The latter plot was watered with tap water. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 5.3, 1.4 and 5.5 t·ha−1, respectively, for the raw slurry treatment and 4.2, 0.4 and 5.1 t·ha−1, respectively, for the centrifuged slurry treatment. The response of bamboo species to pig slurry application was determined using morphologic parameters, Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and biomass yield. Compared to the control, the biomass increased by 1.8 to 6 times, depending on the species and the form of slurry. Depending on the species, the average biomass ranged from 52 to 135 t.DM.ha−1 in two years of experiment

L'identité de droit public

Parler « d'identité du droit public » renvoie à la fois à l'identité propre des normes de l'action publique (caractère exorbitant, objet institutionnel, place de l'État, …) et à la construction d'un ensemble de disciplines académiques ayant en commun l'étude de ce ces normes devenues le droit commun de « la chose publique ». Cet ouvrage mêle donc aspects disciplinaires et études de droit positif pour comprendre comment s’est construite la séparation entre droit public et droit privé et comment elle s’adapte aujourd’hui aux évolutions sociales. L’ouvrage comporte des analyses dans les champs constitutionnel, administratif, financier, européen, international… on y rend compte d’une double identification du droit public : par sa propre dynamique, ses objets, et par sa confrontation différencialiste avec le « droit commun »

Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study

Background Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients’ preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513. Findings Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj –4·4%, 95% CI –5·5 to –3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49; ARRadj –2·6%, 95% CI –3·9 to –1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; –1·9%, –3·2 to –0·7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj –0·3%, 95% CI –2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; –0·4%, –3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes. Interpretation We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications