Is there equivalence between the tympanic membrane temperature and the rectal temperature in normothermic Santa Ines sheep?

A utilização do termômetro de raios infravermelhos para a aferição da temperatura timpânica em animais tem se tornado uma alternativa prática na clínica veterinária. Em ovinos, a mensuração da temperatura timpânica não foi suficientemente comparada com a aferição da temperatura retal. Este estudo avaliou a equivalência entre a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 16 ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Durante a coleta de dados, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram monitoradas e não houve correlação entre estas e a temperatura corporal. A análise da equivalência, pelo método da diferença entre as temperaturas, resultou em temperaturas timpânicas mais baixas (entre 35 e 36,9°C, para ambos os ouvidos) que a temperatura retal (entre 39 e 38°C). Os limites de concordância das comparações entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas timpânicas foram acima do valor pré-estabelecido. A localização anatômica dos locais aferidos e o tipo de termômetro contribuíram para as diferenças de temperatura. A temperatura retal e a temperatura timpânica foram independentes, sugerindo não haver equivalência entre ambas.The use of infrared thermometers to obtain the tympanic temperature in animals has become a convenient alternative in veterinarian medicine practice. In sheep, tympanic and rectal temperatures have not yet been compared enough. This study evaluated the equivalence between the tympanic and the rectal temperatures in sixteen Santa Ines sheep. During data collection, air temperature and humidity were monitored and there was no discernible correlation between these and the ovine body temperature. The analysis of the equivalence, as measured by the method of the difference amongst temperatures, resulted in lower tympanic temperature (between 35 and 36.9°C, for both ears) than the rectal temperature (between 38 and 39°C). The agreement limit of the comparisons between the rectal and tympanic temperatures was above values established previously in the literature. The anatomical site used for the temperature measurement and the type of thermometer used contributed to these temperature differences. The rectal and tympanic temperatures were independent, suggesting that there is no equivalence between them

Behavioral responses of captive maned wolves to olfactory enrichment: a preliminary study

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a technique that increases animal welfare. The behavior of maned wolves when exposed to four odors hidden outside the enclosure was investigated. Using the focal animal method and recording all occurrences, their behavior was analyzed for five minutes in each baseline phase (Basal), during exposure (Exp), and after withdrawal of the stimulus (Pos). Behavioral responses were categorized as positive (P+), negative (N-), and other (Ot). The average P+ increased significantly (P < 0.05) from the Basal to the Exp, but it was not statistically different (P = 0.60) between the Basal and the Pos. Neither N- nor Ot changed statistically in any of the phases (P > 0.5). Maned wolves appeared to be sensitive to this EE with the olfactory stimuli used during the period of olfactory stimulation. The method used is practical, safe, and flexible, and can be useful in sensory enrichment programs.Environmental enrichment is a technique that increases animal welfare. The behavior of maned wolves when exposed to four odors hidden outside the enclosure was investigated. Using the focal animal method and recording all occurrences, their behavior was analyzed for five minutes in each baseline phase (Basal), during exposure (Exp), and after withdrawal of the stimulus (Pos). Behavioral responses were categorized as positive (P+), negative (N-), and other (Ot). The average P+ increased significantly (p < .05) from the Basal to the Exp, but it was not statistically different (p = .6) between the Basal and the Pos. Neither N- nor Ot changed statistically in any of the phases (p > .5). The methodology we used with olfactory stimuli was efficient, seeming to increase the well-being of the maned wolves.O enriquecimento ambiental (EE) é uma técnica que aumenta o bem-estar animal. O comportamento dos lobos guará quando expostos a quatro odores escondidos fora do recinto foi investigado. Utilizando o método do animal focal e registrando todas as ocorrências, seu comportamento foi analisado por cinco minutos em cada fase da linha de base (Basal), durante a exposição (Exp) e após a retirada do estímulo (Pos). As respostas comportamentais foram categorizadas como positivas (P +), negativas (N-) e outras (Ot). O P + médio aumentou significativamente (P <0,05) do Basal para o Exp, mas não foi estatisticamente diferente (P = 0,60) entre o Basal e o Pos. Nem N- nem Ot mudaram estatisticamente em nenhuma das fases (P> 0,5). Os lobos guará pareciam ser sensíveis a este EE com os estímulos olfativos usados durante o período de estimulação olfativa. O método usado é prático, seguro e flexível e pode ser útil em programas de enriquecimento sensorial

Researching and studying human rights: interdisciplinary insight

Since 1948, the study of human rights has been dominated by legal scholarship that has sought to investigate the development of human rights law, emerging jurisprudence, regional systems, the decisions and recommendations of human rights mechanisms and institutions and to a lesser extent the ‘compliance gaps’ between state commitments and actions. Even so, in all of these spheres there are elements that cannot be fully understood through a purely legal lens, moreover, if we understand ‘human rights’ more broadly, and look into the practical world of human rights work and human rights discourse, advocacy and activism, then we need to go beyond legal analysis. Indeed, to understand the world of human rights in both theory and practice requires interdisciplinary insight, as it covers an enormous range of social, political, economic and environmental issues. In this chapter, I will outline the contributions of two disciplines that were slow to contribute to the field of human rights but which offer vitally important insights that can guide both academic research and human rights advocacy

The size of the egg does not predict the physical development of ostriches (Struthio camelus) at fifteen days old

O tamanho dos ovos está relacionado com a sobrevivência e o crescimento de filhotes de aves precociais. A inter-relação entre ovo e filhote pode ser importante para a produção animal, fornecendo subsídios para decisões estratégicas de economia, manejo e bem-estar animal. Este estudo analisou a relação entre o peso dos ovos antes da incubação e o desenvolvimento de filhotes de avestruzes (N=48) aos quinze dias de idade. Os filhotes foram criados em grupos, em berçários, com alimentação comercial e sem cuidado parental. Nos filhotes, mensurou-se o peso, a altura da cernelha e o comprimento do tarso-metatarso. Houve uma significativa diferença nos pesos dos ovos, mas as medidas corporais equivalentes dos filhotes não foram estatisticamente diferentes. Em concordância com estudos em outras espécies de aves, o peso do ovo não parece influenciar o crescimento dos filhotes de avestruzes até os 15 dias de vida, em avestruzes.The size of the eggs is related to survival and chick growth in precocial birds. The interrelationship between egg and chick development can be important for the animal production, supplying data for strategic decisions of economy, handling and animal welfare. This study analyzed the relation between the weight of the eggs and the development of ostrich chicks (N=48) at age of fifteen days old. The chicks were kept in indoor nurseries, in groups, without parental care, and fed commercial feed. It was recorded the weight, the back height and the length of the tarsus-metatarsus. There was a significant difference in the weight of the eggs, but the correspondent body chicken measures were not statistically different. In agreement to the studies in other species of birds, the weight of the egg does not seem to influence the growth of the ostriches at fifteen days old

Socioenvironmental Vulnerability Index to Scorpion Accidents: analysis from the case of the town of Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil

Objetivo: propor e testar um Índice de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental (IVSA) a acidentes escorpiônicos em Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, Brasil. Método: foi realizada análise multivariada, georreferenciamento e análise espacial, utilizando-se de dados do Censo Demográfico do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) - 2010 e do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) para o período de 2010 a 2017. Resultado: Corroborando a hipótese, os resultados deste trabalho mostram que quanto mais vulnerável está a população, maior é a frequência de acidentes escorpiônicos. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados pode-se afirmar que o IVSA possui grande versatilidade quanto ao seu uso e se constitui como uma ferramenta de fácil utilização e baixo custo para o planejamento das estratégias de políticas públicas mais eficazes. Objective: To propose and test a Socioenvironmental Vulnerability Index (IVSA) to scorpion accidents in Teixeira de Freitas, Bahia, Brazil.Method: multivariate analysis, georeferencing and spatial analysis were performed using data from the Demographic Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) - 2010 and the National System of Notification Disorders (SINAN) for the period 2010-2017.Result: Corroborating the hypothesis, the results of this work show that the more vulnerable the population is, the greater the frequency of scorpion accidents.Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be stated that the IVSA presents versatility in its use and constitutes an easy-to-use and low cost tool for planning the most effective public policy strategies

Olfactory stimulus as environmental enrichment for shelter dogs: a pilot study

As técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental incluem estímulos olfativos para aumentar o bem-estar animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as reações de 41 cães de abrigo expostos a estímulos odoríferos, como o método utilizado em outro estudo com canídeos selvagens. As reações dos cães foram analisadas pelo método animal focal, com todos os comportamentos registrados. As respostas comportamentais foram classificadas como positivas (P+), negativas (N-) ou outras (Ot). As variáveis independentes foram todos os cães e o tamanho das matilhas. Foi analisado o comportamento entre o basal (sem estímulo), exposição e após a retirada do estímulo. Para todos os cães, os estímulos olfativos aumentaram significativamente P+ (P=0,001) e N- (P=0,004), contrastando com a diminuição dos comportamentos Ot (P=0,001) da fase basal para a de exposição. Após a retirada dos estímulos, os comportamentos P+, N- e Ot retornaram aos níveis basais (P>0,05). Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) no comportamento de matilhas pequenas ou grandes expostas a estímulos. Os cães são sensíveis a estímulos olfativos, mas a excitação parece ser generalizada para ambos, P+ e N-. É indesejável um aumento de N- para melhoria do bem-estar animal. Ao contrário do que foi observado em um estudo com canídeos selvagens, o método falhou em abrigar cães porque o N- foi aumentado. A introdução de uma novidade repentina (estímulo olfativo) em um ambiente de abrigo empobrecido, pode ter causado excitação exagerada nos cães. Sugere- se alterações no método, como a exposição de estímulos a cada cão em uma sala isolada necessária para aumentar o bem-estar do cão abrigado.Environmental enrichment techniques include olfactory stimuli for improving animal welfare. This study aimed to analyze the reactions of 41 shelter dogs exposed to odorous stimuli, such as the method used in another study on wild canids. The focal animal method analyzed the dogs’ reactions, with all behaviors recorded. Behavioral responses were classified as positive (P+), negative (N-), or other (Ot). Independent variables were all dogs and the size of the packs. The behavior between the basal (without stimulus), exposure, and after-stimulus withdrawal was analyzed. For all dogs, olfactory stimuli significantly increased P+ (P=0.001) and N- (P=0.004), contrasting with the decrement of Ot behaviors (P=0.001) from the basal to the exposure phase. After the withdrawal of the stimuli, P+, N-, and Ot behaviors returned to basal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the conduct of small or large packs exposed to stimuli. Dogs are sensitive to olfactory stimuli, but arousal is generalized to P+ and N-. It is undesirable to an N- increase for improvement of animal welfare. Contrary to what was observed in a study with wild canids, the method failed in shelter dogs because N- was increased. The introduction of sudden novelty (olfactory stimulus) in an impoverished shelter environment may have caused excitement in the dogs. It is suggested that changes in the method, such as stimuli exposition to each dog in an isolated room, are necessary to increase sheltered dog well-being

Olfactory stimulus as environmental enrichment for shelter dogs

Environmental enrichment techniques include olfactory stimuli for improving animal welfare. This study aimed to analyze the reactions of 41 shelter dogs exposed to odorous stimuli, such as the method used in another study on wild canids. The focal animal method analyzed the dogs’ reactions, with all behaviors recorded. Behavioral responses were classified as positive (P+), negative (N-), or other (Ot). Independent variables were all dogs and the size of the packs. The behavior between the basal (without stimulus), exposure, and after-stimulus withdrawal was analyzed. For all dogs, olfactory stimuli significantly increased P+ (P=0.001) and N- (P=0.004), contrasting with the decrement of Ot behaviors (P=0.001) from the basal to the exposure phase. After the withdrawal of the stimuli, P+, N-, and Ot behaviors returned to basal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the conduct of small or large packs exposed to stimuli. Dogs are sensitive to olfactory stimuli, but arousal is generalized to P+ and N-. It is undesirable to an N- increase for improvement of animal welfare. Contrary to what was observed in a study with wild canids, the method failed in shelter dogs because N- was increased. The introduction of sudden novelty (olfactory stimulus) in an impoverished shelter environment may have caused excitement in the dogs. It is suggested that changes in the method, such as stimuli exposition to each dog in an isolated room, are necessary to increase sheltered dog well-being

Effects of the chronic psicossocial stress and environmental enrichment in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata)a behavioral, physiological and pharmacological study

O estresse é uma resposta adaptativa com componentes neuroendócrinos e comportamentais para manter a homeostase. Sob intenso estresse, pode haver uma ruptura destes mecanismos adaptativos, causando danos na integridade fisiológica e psicológica. O enriquecimento ambiental ameniza os efeitos do estrese. O sagui (Callithrix penicillata) é resistente aos glicocorticóides e possui uma série de estratégias defensivas, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de um modelo potencialmente muito interessante para o estudo do estresse. Neste trabalho, se objetivou estudar em saguis, a resposta comportamental, fisiológica e farmacológica ao estresse e às condições enriquecidas do ambiente. Vinte e quatro animais foram observados em uma linha de base durante 9 semanas. Quatorze padrões comportamentais foram analisados, com o método de animal focal e registro contínuo. Seguiram-se 21 dias para sujeitos submetidos ao estresse (N=10), ao enriquecimento (N=7) e sem manipulação (controle, N=7). No estresse os sujeitos foram isolados e expostos diariamente a breves estressores psicológicos. No enriquecimento os sujeitos receberam inovações e tarefas de obtenção de alimentos no viveiro. Após os tratamentos, seguiu-se uma habituação ao labirinto em \"8\" e exposição ao predador taxidermizado. Após, os sujeitos receberam três doses de buspirona e salina, para avaliar a resposta do sistema serotonérgico, no paradigma do labirinto em \"8\". Foram coletados dados sobre peso, sangue para hemograma, plasmapara dosagem de cortisol, ácidos graxos livres e glicemia. Medidas de temperatura timpânica e retal, também foram coletadas. Os resultados sugerem que o estresse causou uma ruptura dos padrões comportamentais supostamente adaptativos, aumentando o tempo de retraimento na caixa ninho. Houve o aumento na corticosolemia e ácidos graxos livres; ocorreu hipoglicemia e severa perda de peso. A imunidade aparentemente permaneceu funcional. ) O grupo estressado teve uma deficiência de aprendizagem na habituação ao labirinto e foi relativamente refratário à ação da buspirona. O grupo enriquecido diminuiu a agressão e aumentou o explorar, mas apresentou uma resposta ansiogênica à buspirona. Os tratamentos alteraram substancialmente a resposta dos indivíduos aos desafios emocionais. Esta alteração atingiu o sistema serotonérgico. Os grupos adotaram diferentes estratégias de defesa e aproveitamento das condições ambientais. Considerando a resistência ao cortisol, este táxon pode ser beneficiado com uma grande plasticidade comportamental. O modelo de estresse pareceu ser apropriado mas o enriquecimento mereceria uma reavaliação para um ganho maior de resistência aos desafios emocionaisThe stress is an adaptive response with neuroendocrine and behavioural characteristics to maintain homeostasis. Under intense stress, it can have a rupture of three adaptive mechanisms. Environmental influences the resistance to the stress. The marmoset, is resistant to the glicocorticoids and have developed a series of defensive strategies. In this work, it aimed at to accomplish a study in marmosets, on the response of behavioral, physiological and pharmacological to the stress and the environmental enriched conditions. Twenty four marmosets were observed in a base line for 9 weeks. Fourteen behavioral patterns were analyzed, with the method of focal animal. 21 days of treatments were followed for subjects submitted to the stress (N=10), to the enrichment (N=7) and without manipulation (controls, N=7). In the stress the subjects were isolated and exposed daily to brief psychological stressors. In the enrichment the subjects received innovations and tasks of obtaining food. It was followed after the treatments, a habituation to the maze in \"8\" and exhibition to the predator. After the habituation, the subjects received buspirone (three dosis) and saline, in the paradigm of the maze in \"8.\" At the end of the base line and of the treatments, data were collected on weight, blood for blood count, cortisol, free fat acids and glicemya. Measures of timpanic and rectal temperature were also collected. The results suggest that the stress caused a rupture of the behavioralpatterns, increasing the time of hide in the box nest. There was the increase in the cortisol and free fat acids; it happened hypoglycemia and severe weight loss. The immunity seemingly stayed functional. In the subsequent phases, the stressed group had a learning deficiency in the habituation to the maze and it was relatively refractory to the action of the buspirone. The enriched group reduced the aggressive behavior, a consistent increase in the tendency of exploring, but an apparent ansiogenic response to the buspirone. The treatments altered the response substantially of the individuals to the emotional challenges. This alteration reached the response to the buspirone, being supposed that the serotonegic system was sensitized. The groups adopted different defense strategies and use of the environmental conditions. Considering the resistance to the cortisol, marmosets can be benefited with a great plasticity neural and behavioral. The stress model seemed to be appropriate but the enrichment would deserve a new approach for a larger earnings of resistance to the emotional challenge

O apego humano-cão aumenta a resiliência ao covid-19? Uma abordagem biopsicossocial e pesquisas futuras

This article is a biopsychosocial proposal about improvement of resilience to diseases, including the COVID-19, due to affective attachment between humans and dogs. Resilience concerns the physical and emotional human capacity to respond positively to the adverse events such as diseases. Recently, some authors have proposed independent hypotheses about role of oxytocin (OT) and crossed immunity to increase the psychological resilience and immune response against the COVID-19. This text extends the hypothesis to a biopsychosocial field, including the well-known benefits of the human-dog affective attachment on human health. And proposes that a strong and reciprocal affection between human and dog can increase the resilience and resistance to COVID-19, due the role of OT in the immune response, adding to crossed immunity. Other benefits such as emotional buffering, mental comfort and stress alleviation are adjunctive roles of dogs on human health and vice-versa.Este artículo es una propuesta biopsicosocial sobre la mejora de la resiliencia a enfermedades, incluida la COVID-19, debido al apego afectivo entre humanos y perros. La resiliencia se refiere a la capacidad humana física y emocional de responder positivamente a los eventos adversos, como las enfermedades. Recientemente, algunos autores han propuesto hipótesis independientes sobre el papel de la oxitocina (OT) y la inmunidad cruzada para aumentar la resiliencia y la respuesta frente a la COVID-19. Aquí se extiende esa hipótesis al campo biopsicosocial, incluyendo los bien conocidos beneficios del apego afectivo humano-perro sobre la salud humana. Se propone que las relaciones de afecto fuerte y recíproco entre humanos y perros pueden aumentar la resiliencia a la COVID-19, debido al papel de la OT en la respuesta inmune, sumando inmunidad cruzada. Otros beneficios como amortiguar el efecto de las emociones, la comodidad mental y el alivio del estrés son funciones complementarias de los perros en la salud humana y viceversa.Este artículo es una propuesta biopsicosocial sobre la mejora de la resiliencia a enfermedades, incluido el COVID-19, debido al apego afectivo entre humanos y perros. La resiliencia se refiere a la capacidad humana física y emocional de responder positivamente a los eventos adversos como las enfermedades. Recientemente, algunos autores han propuesto hipótesis independientes sobre el papel de la oxitocina (OT) y la inmunidad cruzada para aumentar la resiliencia y la respuesta frente al COVID-19. Extendimos la hipótesis a un campo biopsicosocial, incluyendo los bien conocidos beneficios del apego afectivo humano-perro sobre la salud humana. Proponemos que las relaciones de afecto fuerte y recíproco entre humanos y perros pueden aumentar la resiliencia al COVID-19, debido al papel de OT en la respuesta inmune, sumando inmunidad cruzada. Otros beneficios como el amortiguamiento emocional, la comodidad mental y el alivio del estrés son funciones complementarias de los perros en la salud humana y viceversa