Структурні особливості радянської митної системи в Україні в 1925-1928 роках

У статті висвітлюються організаційно-структурні особливості радянської митної справи України в роки нової економічної політики (1925-1928)The article highlights the organizational and structural features of the Soviet customs of Ukraine during the New Economic Policy (1925-1928

Impact of the M184V/I Mutation on the Efficacy of Abacavir/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir Therapy in HIV Treatment-Experienced Patients.

Objective The impact of the M184V/I mutation on the virological failure (VF) rate in HIV-positive patients with suppressed viremia switching to an abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir regimen has been poorly evaluated. Method This is an observational study from 5 European HIV cohorts among treatment-experienced adults with ≤50 copies/mL of HIV-1 RNA who switched to abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir. Primary outcome was the time to first VF (2 consecutive HIV-1 RNA >50 copies/mL or single HIV-1 RNA >50 copies/mL accompanied by change in antiretroviral therapy [ART]). We also analyzed a composite outcome considering the presence of VF and/or virological blips. We report also the results of an inverse probability weighting analysis on a restricted population with a prior history of VF on any ART regimen to calculate statistics standardized to the disparate sampling population. Results We included 1626 patients (median follow-up, 288.5 days; interquartile range, 154-441). Patients with a genotypically documented M184V/I mutation (n = 137) had a lower CD4 nadir and a longer history of antiviral treatment. The incidence of VF was 29.8 cases (11.2-79.4) per 1000 person-years in those with a previously documented M184V/I, and 13.6 cases (8.4-21.8) in patients without documented M184V/I. Propensity score weighting in a restricted population (n = 580) showed that M184V/I was not associated with VF or the composite endpoint (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-4.59 and HR 1.66; 95% CI, 0.81-3.43, respectively). Conclusions In ART-experienced patients switching to an abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir treatment, we observed few VFs and found no evidence for an impact of previously-acquired M184V/I mutation on this outcome. Additional analyses are required to demonstrate whether these findings will remain robust during a longer follow-up

Adherence counseling during patient contacts in Swiss community pharmacies

Fabienne Boeni, Isabelle Arnet, Kurt E Hersberger Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Purpose: Numerous studies showed the effectiveness of pharmaceutical care in improving medication adherence in primary care patients. However, in daily pharmacy practice, the provision of pharmaceutical care appears to be limited. We aimed at quantifying the content of counseling by community pharmacy staff during patient contacts, especially adherence counseling, and at investigating pharmacist views about their practice of adherence counseling.Patients and methods: A Master’s student in Pharmacy observed patient contacts at selected community pharmacies in the region of Basel, Switzerland. Content of counseling was manually ticked on a checklist with predefined themes (administration, dose, effect, and adherence). Pharmacists working in the pharmacy were interviewed on triggers, topics, and barriers in adherence counseling.Results: In 20 community pharmacies and during a total of 148.1 hours, 1,866 patient contacts were observed. During the 1,476 patient contacts including the dispensing of one or more medications, counseling was provided to 799 (54.1%) patients; with 735 (49.8%) patients counseled about administration, 362 (24.5%) about dose, 267 (18.1%) about effect, and 99 (6.7%) about adherence. Significantly more patients received counseling when they obtained prescribed versus over-the-counter medication (P=0.002), a new prescription versus a repeat prescription (P<0.001), or when they were served by a pharmacist versus by another staff member (P<0.001). Of the 33 interviewed pharmacists, all except one reported actively approaching patients for adherence counseling. Triggers included medication-related and patient-related factors. The pharmacists named predominantly product-centered topics of adherence counseling. The most cited barriers were rejection of counseling by the patient and lack of time.Conclusion: Half of the patients receiving one or more medications were counseled, and only 6.7% of all contacts included adherence counseling. Future studies should clarify how barriers to adherence counseling at the community pharmacy can be overcome. Keywords: pharmaceutical care, community pharmacy, medication adherenc

Quantifying the impact of no‐till on sediment yield in southern Brazil at the hillslope and catchment scales

International audienceNo-till (NT) is a soil management system designed to protect soil resources fromwater erosion and provide numerous benefits compared to conventional tillagethrough the increase of organic matter inputs into the soil. However, NT in isolationis not sufficient to control erosion processes caused by an excessive production ofsurface runoff. This study evaluated soil losses on agricultural hillslopes under no-tillcharacterized by contrasted water, soil, and crop management conditions. To thisend, water and soil losses were monitored between 2014 and 2018 at two scales,including four macroplots (0.6 ha; 27 events) and two paired zero-order catchments(2.4 ha; 63 events). The resulting dataset covered a wide range of rainfall conditionsthat occurred in contrasted soil, crop, and runoff management conditions.Hyetographs, hydrographs, and sedigraphs were constructed, and these data wereused to evaluate the impact of management on sediment yields, including that of terraces,scarification, and phytomass on sediment yield. The installation of terracesreduced sediment yield by 58.7%, mainly through surface runoff control. Crop managementincluding an increased phytomass input efficiently controlled soil losses(63%), although it did not reduce runoff volume and peak flow. In contrast, scarificationhad no impact on runoff and soil losses. The current research demonstrated theneed to combine the installation of terraces and leaving a high amount of phytomasson the soil to control surface runoff and erosion and reduce sediment yield. The currentresearch therefore reinforces the relevance of the monitoring strategy conductedat the scale of macroplots and zero-order catchments to evaluate the impactof contrasted water, soil, and crop management methods and select the most effectiveconservation agriculture practices

Quantifying the impact of no‐till on runoff in southern Brazil at hillslope and catchment scales

International audienceNo-till (NT) is a conservation system that improves the hydrological regime of agricultural slopes by providing greater surface protection and benefits to the physical and hydrological properties of soils. However, the isolated use of NT is not enough to control runoff and its associated degradation processes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the runoff of agricultural slopes under NT under different runoff control conditions by monitoring 63 rainfall events in two 2.4-ha zero-order catchments and 27 rainfall events in four 0.6-ha macroplots. The catchments are paired and similar in terms of the type of soil and relief, but different regarding the presence of terraces. The macroplots have different soil and crop management systems. By using monitoring techniques, the hyetographs and hydrographs revealed the influence of the different types of management on the catchments and macroplots and allowed rainfall characteristics, runoff volume, runoff coefficients, water infiltration, peak runoff, response times, and curve number to be analyzed. The terraces positively affected the NT and controlled runoff and related variables, in addition to infiltration significantly increasing and runoff reducing in the terraced catchment. All the hydrological information assessed pointed to the positive effects provided by the presence of the terraces. The results in the macroplots showed that high amounts of phytomass and/or chiseling do not control runoff and its correlated variables in medium and high magnitude events. The study concludes by underlining the need for additional measures to control runoff (terraces), even in areas under NT and with high phytomass production. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of monitoring at the catchment scale to better understand the hydrological behavior of agricultural areas and provide the necessary parameters to effectively control runoff