International cooperation in the field of fighting crime: Directions, levels and forms of realization

Purpose: The article is devoted to the research of the issue of the international cooperation between law enforcement agencies of the States and international organizations in the area of combating crime and characterization of directions, levels and forms of its implementation. Methodology: The research methodology is based on the results of scientific studies of national (Ukrainian), and European scientists on the issues of the international cooperation in the area of combating crime. The methodological basis of the study is a set of general and special methods of scientific knowledge, such as comparative, statistical, systems analysis, historical and legal, systemically and structural methods. Results: The study allowed determining the directions of international cooperation in the area of crime control, such as the enshrinement of international unlawfulness of crimes; formation of international standards of human rights and freedoms; conclusion of international treaties; investigation of manifestations of international crime; research activity. The levels of international cooperation in the area of crime control such as level of bilateral cooperation and cooperation at the regional and global levels are defined. The forms of international cooperation in the area of combating crime are: international legal assistance, extradition of a person suspected in committing a crime, adoption of criminal proceedings; transfer of convicted to imprisonment for the further execution of a punishment; international search; ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens during criminal proceedings in another State; information exchange

High power gain for stimulated Raman amplification in CuAlS2

The spontaneous Raman spectra of the chalcopyrite structure crystal CuAlS2, which is promising for nonlinear optical applications, has been investigated at 8 and 300 K. The main aim of this study is to compare the absolute spontaneous Raman scattering efficiency in CuAlS2 crystals with that of their isomorphous analog, zinc-blende structure GaP crystals, known as one of the most efficient materials for Raman amplification. Observation of a high value of absolute scattering efficiency S/L dΩ (where S is the fraction of incident power that scatters into the solid angle d Ω and L is the optical path length with S/L dΩ=9.5×10-5 cm-1 sr-1), together with relatively narrow linewidth (Γ=5.1 cm-1, full width at half maximum at room temperature and Γ=1.5 cm-1 at 8 K for the strongest Γ1 phonon mode of CuAlS2 at 314 cm-1) indicate that CuAlS2 has the highest value of the stimulated Raman gain coefficient gs/I where I is the incident laser power density. The calculated value of this gain is gs/I=2.1×10-6 cm-1/W at 300 K and 5.0×10-6 cm/W, at 8 K for 514.5 nm laser excitation, and is larger than those for the appropriate vibrational modes of various materials (including GaP, LiNbO3, Ba2NbO5O15, CS2, and H2) investigated so far. The calculations show that cw Raman oscillator operation in CuAlS2 is feasible with low power threshold of pump laser. © 1996 American Institute of Physics

Wide band-gap tuning Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 single crystals: Optical and vibrational properties

The linear optical properties of Cu2ZnSn1-xGe x S4 high quality single crystals with a wide range of Ge contents (x=0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1) have been investigated in the ultraviolet and near infrared range using spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. From the analysis of the complex dielectric function spectra it has been found that the bandgap E 0 increases continuously from 1.49eV to 2.25eV with the Ge content. Furthermore, the evolution of the interband transitions E 1A and E 1B has been also determined. Raman scattering using three different excitation wavelengths and its analysis have been performed to confirm the absence of secondary phases in the samples, and to distinguish between stannite, wurtzite, wurzstannite and kesterite structures. Additionally, the analysis of the high resolution Raman spectra obtained in samples with different [Ge]/([Ge]+[Sn]) ratios allows describing a bimodal behavior of the dominant A modes. The understanding of the incorporation of Ge into the Cu2ZnSnS4 lattice is fundamental in order to develop efficient bandgap engineering of these compounds towards the fabrication of kesterite based solar cells with enhanced performanceThis work was supported by the Marie Curie-ITN project (KESTCELL, GA: 316488), Marie Curie-IRSES project (PVICOKEST, GA: 269167), AMALIE (TEC2012-38901-C02-01) and SUNBEAM (ENE2013-49136-C4-3-R) project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. RC acknowledges financial support from Spanish MINECO within the Ramón y Cajal program (RYC-2011-08521

Geometrization of the temporal photoresponse from the semiconductor sensor materials

Geometrization of the temporal photoresponse of A²B⁶ semiconductor compounds by means of it transformation to the first- and second-order signatures provides qualitative new possibilities for the control of the compounds quality. It has been offered the integrative indexes of the dynamic and power balances of photoresponse components from sensor crystals which display the basic phases of generation-recombination processes

Международное сотрудничество в сфере борьбы с преступностью: направления, уровни и формы реализации

Цель: статья посвящена исследованию проблемы международного сотрудничества правоохранительных органов государств и международных организаций в области борьбы с преступностью и характеристике направлений, уровней и форм ее реализации. Методология. Методология исследования основана на результатах научных исследований отечественных (украинских) и европейских ученых по вопросам международного сотрудничества в сфере борьбы с преступностью. Методологической основой исследования является совокупность общих и специальных методов научного познания, таких как сравнительный, статистический, системный анализ, историко-правовой, системно-структурный методы. Результаты: Исследование позволило определить направления международного сотрудничества в области борьбы с преступностью, такие как закрепление международной незаконности преступлений; формирование международных стандартов прав и свобод человека; заключение международных договоров; расследование проявлений международной преступности; исследовательская деятельность. Определены уровни международного сотрудничества в области борьбы с преступностью, такие как уровень двустороннего сотрудничества и сотрудничества на региональном и глобальном уровнях. Формами международного сотрудничества в сфере борьбы с преступностью являются: международная правовая помощь, выдача лица, подозреваемого в совершении преступления, возбуждение уголовного дела; перевод осужденных к лишению свободы для дальнейшего исполнения наказания; международный поиск; обеспечение прав и свобод граждан в ходе уголовного судопроизводства в другом государстве; обмен информацией.Purpose: The article is devoted to the research of the issue of the international cooperation between law enforcement agencies of the States and international organizations in the area of combating crime and characterization of directions, levels and forms of its implementation. Methodology: The research methodology is based on the results of scientific studies of national (Ukrainian), and European scientists on the issues of the international cooperation in the area of combating crime. The methodological basis of the study is a set of general and special methods of scientific knowledge, such as comparative, statistical, systems analysis, historical and legal, systemically and structural methods. Results: The study allowed determining the directions of international cooperation in the area of crime control, such as the enshrinement of international unlawfulness of crimes; formation of international standards of human rights and freedoms; conclusion of international treaties; investigation of manifestations of international crime; research activity. The levels of international cooperation in the area of crime control such as level of bilateral cooperation and cooperation at the regional and global levels are defined. The forms of international cooperation in the area of combating crime are: international legal assistance, extradition of a person suspected in committing a crime, adoption of criminal proceedings; transfer of convicted to imprisonment for the further execution of a punishment; international search; ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens during criminal proceedings in another State; information exchange

Международное сотрудничество в сфере борьбы с преступностью: направления, уровни и формы реализации

Цель: статья посвящена исследованию проблемы международного сотрудничества правоохранительных органов государств и международных организаций в области борьбы с преступностью и характеристике направлений, уровней и форм ее реализации. Методология. Методология исследования основана на результатах научных исследований отечественных (украинских) и европейских ученых по вопросам международного сотрудничества в сфере борьбы с преступностью. Методологической основой исследования является совокупность общих и специальных методов научного познания, таких как сравнительный, статистический, системный анализ, историко-правовой, системно-структурный методы. Результаты: Исследование позволило определить направления международного сотрудничества в области борьбы с преступностью, такие как закрепление международной незаконности преступлений; формирование международных стандартов прав и свобод человека; заключение международных договоров; расследование проявлений международной преступности; исследовательская деятельность. Определены уровни международного сотрудничества в области борьбы с преступностью, такие как уровень двустороннего сотрудничества и сотрудничества на региональном и глобальном уровнях. Формами международного сотрудничества в сфере борьбы с преступностью являются: международная правовая помощь, выдача лица, подозреваемого в совершении преступления, возбуждение уголовного дела; перевод осужденных к лишению свободы для дальнейшего исполнения наказания; международный поиск; обеспечение прав и свобод граждан в ходе уголовного судопроизводства в другом государстве; обмен информацией.Purpose: The article is devoted to the research of the issue of the international cooperation between law enforcement agencies of the States and international organizations in the area of combating crime and characterization of directions, levels and forms of its implementation. Methodology: The research methodology is based on the results of scientific studies of national (Ukrainian), and European scientists on the issues of the international cooperation in the area of combating crime. The methodological basis of the study is a set of general and special methods of scientific knowledge, such as comparative, statistical, systems analysis, historical and legal, systemically and structural methods. Results: The study allowed determining the directions of international cooperation in the area of crime control, such as the enshrinement of international unlawfulness of crimes; formation of international standards of human rights and freedoms; conclusion of international treaties; investigation of manifestations of international crime; research activity. The levels of international cooperation in the area of crime control such as level of bilateral cooperation and cooperation at the regional and global levels are defined. The forms of international cooperation in the area of combating crime are: international legal assistance, extradition of a person suspected in committing a crime, adoption of criminal proceedings; transfer of convicted to imprisonment for the further execution of a punishment; international search; ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens during criminal proceedings in another State; information exchange

Growth and characterization of CuxAg1-xInSe2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

We report on structural and optical measurements made on thin films of the quaternary compounds CuxAg1-xInSe2(x = 0; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7; 1.0). The films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of prereacted material onto glass substrates. The substrate temperature was about 450-480 degrees C. The beam of a Nd:YAG laser was directed onto a rotating target. The resulting films were characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDAX, The films were single phase, polycrystalline and stoichiometric within 4 %. The refractive index n and the absorption coefficient alpha of CuxAg1-xInSe2 thin films were obtained by measuring the transmittance (T) and reflectance (R) in the photon energy range from 0.4 to 2.5 mu m. The optical properties were determined from rigorous expression for the transmission and reflection in an air/film/glass substrate/air multilayer system. The films had high optical absorption about 10(4) - 10(5) cm(-1) and the band gaps of 0.99 eV (CuInSe2) and 1.25 eV (AgInSe2). The energy gaps observed in laser-deposited CuxAg1-xInSe2 thin films near and above the fundamental absorption edge exhibit a nonlinear composition dependence

Wide band-gap tuning Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 single crystals: optical and vibrational properties

The linear optical properties of Cu2ZnSn1-xGexS4 high quality single crystals with a wide range of Ge contents (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1) have been investigated in the ultraviolet and near infrared range using spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. From the analysis of the complex dielectric function spectra it has been found that the bandgap E0 increases continuously from 1.49 eV to 2.25 eV with the Ge content. Furthermore, the evolution of the interband transitions E1A and E1B has been also determined. Raman scattering using three different excitation wavelengths and its analysis have been performed to confirm the absence of secondary phases in the samples, and to distinguish between stannite, wurtzite, wurzstannite and kesterite structures. Additionally, the analysis of the high resolution Raman spectra obtained in samples with different [Ge]/([Ge]+[Sn]) ratios allows describing a bimodal behavior of the dominant A modes. The understanding of the incorporation of Ge into the Cu2ZnSnS4 lattice is fundamental in order to develop efficient bandgap engineering of these compounds towards the fabrication of kesterite based solar cells with enhanced performanc