394 research outputs found
Relativistic Effects in Extreme Mass Ratio Gravitational Wave Bursts
Extreme mass ratio bursts (EMRBs) have been proposed as a possible source for
future space-borne gravitational wave detectors, such as the Laser
Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). These events are characterized by
long-period, nearly-radial orbits of compact objects around a central massive
black hole. The gravitational radiation emitted during such events consists of
a short burst, corresponding to periapse passage, followed by a longer, silent
interval. In this paper we investigate the impact of including relativistic
corrections to the description of the compact object's trajectory via a
geodesic treatment, as well as including higher-order multipole corrections in
the waveform calculation. The degree to which the relativistic corrections are
important depends on the EMRB's orbital parameters. We find that relativistic
EMRBs (v_{max}}/c > 0.25) are not rare and actually account for approximately
half of the events in our astrophysical model. The relativistic corrections
tend to significantly change the waveform amplitude and phase relative to a
Newtonian description, although some of this dephasing could be mimicked by
parameter errors. The dephasing over several bursts could be of particular
importance not only to gravitational wave detection, but also to parameter
estimation, since it is highly correlated to the spin of the massive black
hole. Consequently, we postulate that if a relativistic EMRB is detected, such
dephasing might be used to probe the relativistic character of the massive
black hole and obtain information about its spin.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables. Replaced with version accepted for
publication in the Ap.
Unzipping Dynamics of Long DNAs
The two strands of the DNA double helix can be `unzipped' by application of
15 pN force. We analyze the dynamics of unzipping and rezipping, for the case
where the molecule ends are separated and re-approached at constant velocity.
For unzipping of 50 kilobase DNAs at less than about 1000 bases per second,
thermal equilibrium-based theory applies. However, for higher unzipping
velocities, rotational viscous drag creates a buildup of elastic torque to
levels above kBT in the dsDNA region, causing the unzipping force to be well
above or well below the equilibrium unzipping force during respectively
unzipping and rezipping, in accord with recent experimental results of Thomen
et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 248102 (2002)]. Our analysis includes the effect
of sequence on unzipping and rezipping, and the transient delay in buildup of
the unzipping force due to the approach to the steady state.Comment: 15 pages Revtex file including 9 figure
Valence band spectroscopy in V-grooved quantum wires
We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of the anisotropy in
the optical absorption of V-shaped quantum wires. By means of realistic band
structure calculations for these structures, we show that detailed information
on the heavy- and light-hole states can be singled out from the anisotropy
spectra {\em independently of the electron confinement}, thus allowing accurate
valence band spectroscopy.Comment: To be published in Appl. Phys. Lett. (8 pages in REVTeX, two
postscipt figures
Unzipping DNA with Optical Tweezers: High Sequence Sensitivity and Force Flips
AbstractForce measurements are performed on single DNA molecules with an optical trapping interferometer that combines subpiconewton force resolution and millisecond time resolution. A molecular construction is prepared for mechanically unzipping several thousand-basepair DNA sequences in an in vitro configuration. The force signals corresponding to opening and closing the double helix at low velocity are studied experimentally and are compared to calculations assuming thermal equilibrium. We address the effect of the stiffness on the basepair sensitivity and consider fluctuations in the force signal. With respect to earlier work performed with soft microneedles, we obtain a very significant increase in basepair sensitivity: presently, sequence features appearing at a scale of 10 basepairs are observed. When measured with the optical trap the unzipping force exhibits characteristic flips between different values at specific positions that are determined by the base sequence. This behavior is attributed to bistabilities in the position of the opening fork; the force flips directly reflect transitions between different states involved in the time-averaging of the molecular system
Electron-Phonon Interacation in Quantum Dots: A Solvable Model
The relaxation of electrons in quantum dots via phonon emission is hindered
by the discrete nature of the dot levels (phonon bottleneck). In order to
clarify the issue theoretically we consider a system of discrete fermionic
states (dot levels) coupled to an unlimited number of bosonic modes with the
same energy (dispersionless phonons). In analogy to the Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization procedure, we perform a unitary transformation into new
bosonic modes. Since only of them couple to the fermions, a
numerically exact treatment is possible. The formalism is applied to a GaAs
quantum dot with only two electronic levels. If close to resonance with the
phonon energy, the electronic transition shows a splitting due to quantum
mechanical level repulsion. This is driven mainly by one bosonic mode, whereas
the other two provide further polaronic renormalizations. The numerically exact
results for the electron spectral function compare favourably with an analytic
solution based on degenerate perturbation theory in the basis of shifted
oscillator states. In contrast, the widely used selfconsistent first-order Born
approximation proves insufficient in describing the rich spectral features.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Carrier relaxation in GaAs v-groove quantum wires and the effects of localization
Carrier relaxation processes have been investigated in GaAs/AlGaAs v-groove
quantum wires (QWRs) with a large subband separation (46 meV). Signatures of
inhibited carrier relaxation mechanisms are seen in temperature-dependent
photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence-excitation (PLE) measurements; we
observe strong emission from the first excited state of the QWR below ~50 K.
This is attributed to reduced inter-subband relaxation via phonon scattering
between localized states. Theoretical calculations and experimental results
indicate that the pinch-off regions, which provide additional two-dimensional
confinement for the QWR structure, have a blocking effect on relaxation
mechanisms for certain structures within the v-groove. Time-resolved PL
measurements show that efficient carrier relaxation from excited QWR states
into the ground state, occurs only at temperatures > 30 K. Values for the low
temperature radiative lifetimes of the ground- and first excited-state excitons
have been obtained (340 ps and 160 ps respectively), and their corresponding
localization lengths along the wire estimated.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. B Attempted to correct
corrupt figure
Collisional dark matter density profiles around supermassive black holes
We solve the spherically symmetric time dependent relativistic Euler
equations on a Schwarzschild background space-time for a perfect fluid, where
the perfect fluid models the dark matter and the space-time background is that
of a non-rotating supermassive black hole. We consider the fluid obeys an ideal
gas equation of state as a simple model of dark matter with pressure. Assuming
out of equilibrium initial conditions we search for late-time attractor type of
solutions, which we found to show a constant accretion rate for the non-zero
pressure case, that is, the pressure itself suffices to produce stationary
accretion regimes. We then analyze the resulting density profile of such
late-time solutions with the function . For different values of
the adiabatic index we find different slopes of the density profile, and we
study such profile in two regions: a region one near the black hole, located
from the horizon up to 50 and a region two from up to , which for a black hole of corresponds to pc. The profile depends on the adiabatic index or equivalently on the
pressure of the fluid and our findings are as follows: in the near region the
density profile shows values of and in the limit of the
pressure-less case ; on the other hand, in region two,
the value of in all the cases we studied. If these results are to
be applied to the dark matter problem, the conclusion is that, in the limit of
pressure-less gas the density profile is cuspy only near the black hole and
approaches a non-cuspy profile at bigger scales within 1pc. These results show
on the one hand that pressure suffices to provide flat density profiles of dark
matter and on the other hand show that the presence of a central black hole
does not distort the density profile of dark matter at scales of 0.1pc.Comment: 7 pages, 8 eps figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Evaluation and Optimization of Underground Thermal Energy Storage Systems of Energy Efficient Buildings (WKSP)- A Project within the new German R&D- Framework EnBop
Until 2003 the research on buildings in operation in Germany focused mainly on demonstration buildings. Starting with the EVA project managed by IGS the attention is shifting towards performance in operation. The paper gives a general review of these research projects and presents detailed results of project WKSP. The performance of buildings with systems for underground thermal energy storage is analysed in this project. As the analyses show several systems work worse than expected. Within the project most of the systems could be significantly improved in operation. The scientific work on building performance in operation will be broadened within the new R&D framework EnBop. IGS will coordinate the framework funded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology
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