Cooperative Furbearer Research Illinois Raccoon Investigations Final Report W-104-R-6

Final Report W-104-R-6Report issued on: June 30, 1995INHS Technical Report prepared for unspecified recipien

A systematic review of the association between perinatal depression and cognitive development in infancy in low and middle-income countries

The association between perinatal depression and infant cognitive development has been well documented in research based in high-income contexts, but the literature regarding the same relationship in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is less developed. The aim of this study is to systematically review what is known in this area in order to inform priorities for early intervention and future research in LMICs. The review protocol was pre-registered on Prospero (CRD42018108589) and relevant electronic databases were searched using a consistent set of keywords and 1473 articles were screened against the eligibility criteria. Sixteen articles were included in the review, seven focusing on the antenatal period, eight on the postnatal period, and one which included both. Five out of eight studies found a significant association between antenatal depression (d = .21-.93) and infant cognitive development, while four out of nine studies found a significant association with postnatal depression (d = .17-.47). Although the evidence suggests that LMICs should prioritise antenatal mental health care, many of the studies did not adequately isolate the effects of depression in each period. Furthermore, very few studies explored more complex interactions that may exist between perinatal depression and other relevant factors. More high-quality studies are needed in LMIC settings, driven by current theory, that test main effects and examine moderating or mediating pathways to cognitive development

Experience and Reporting of Postnatal Depression Across Cultures:A Comparison Using Anchoring Vignettes of Mothers in the UK and India

Postnatal mental health is often assessed using self-assessment questionnaires in epidemiological research. Differences in response style, influenced by language, culture and experience, may mean that the same response may not have the same meaning in different settings. These differences need to be identified and accounted for in cross-cultural comparisons. We describe the development and application of anchoring vignettes to investigate the cross-cultural functioning of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in urban community samples in India (n = 828) and the UK (n = 549), alongside a UK calibration sample (n = 226). Participants completed the EPDS and anchoring vignettes when their children were 12-24 months old. In an unadjusted item-response theory model, UK mothers reported higher depressive symptoms than Indian mothers (d = .48, 95% CI: .358, .599). Following adjustment for differences in response style, these positions were reversed (d = -.25, 95% CI: -.391, -.103). Response styles vary between India and the UK, indicating a need to take these differences into account when making cross-cultural comparisons. Anchoring vignettes offer a valid and feasible method for global data harmonisation

Experience and reporting of postnatal depression across cultures: a comparison using anchoring vignettes of mothers in the UK and India

Postnatal mental health is often assessed using self-assessment questionnaires in epidemiological research. Differences in response style, influenced by language, culture and experience, may mean that the same response may not have the same meaning in different settings. These differences need to be identified and accounted for in cross-cultural comparisons. We describe the development and application of anchoring vignettes to investigate the cross-cultural functioning of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in urban community samples in India (n = 828) and the UK (n = 549), alongside a UK calibration sample (n = 226). Participants completed the EPDS and anchoring vignettes when their children were 12-24 months old. In an unadjusted item-response theory model, UK mothers reported higher depressive symptoms than Indian mothers (d = .48, 95% CI: .358, .599). Following adjustment for differences in response style, these positions were reversed (d = -.25, 95% CI: -.391, -.103). Response styles vary between India and the UK, indicating a need to take these differences into account when making cross-cultural comparisons. Anchoring vignettes offer a valid and feasible method for global data harmonisation

The Principles of Helium Exploration

Commercial helium systems have been found to date as a serendipitous by-product of petroleum exploration. There are nevertheless significant differences in the source and migration properties of helium compared with petroleum. An understanding of these differences enables prospects for helium gas accumulations to be identified in regions where petroleum exploration would not be tenable. Here we show how the basic petroleum exploration playbook (source, primary migration from the source rock, secondary longer distance migration, trapping) can be modified to identify helium plays. Plays are the areas occupied by a prospective reservoir and overlying seal associated with a mature helium source. This is the first step in identifying the detail of helium prospects (discrete pools of trapped helium). We show how these principles, adapted for helium, can be applied using the Rukwa Basin in the Tanzanian section of the East African Rift as a case study. Thermal hiatus caused by rifting of the continental basement has resulted in a surface expression of deep crustal gas release in the form of high-nitrogen gas seeps containing up to 10% 4He. We calculate the total likely regional source rock helium generative capacity, identify the role of the Rungwe volcanic province in releasing the accumulated crustal helium, and show the spatial control of helium concentration dilution by the associated volcanic CO2. Nitrogen, both dissolved and as a free gas phase, plays a key role in the primary and secondary migration of crustal helium and its accumulation into what might become a commercially viable gas pool. This too is examined. We identify and discuss evidence that structures and seals suitable for trapping hydrocarbon and CO2 gases will likely also be efficient for helium accumulation on the timescale of the Rukwa basin activity. The Rukwa Basin prospective recoverable P50 resources of helium have been independently estimated to be about 138 billion standard cubic feet (2.78 x 109 m3 at STP). If this volume is confirmed it would represent about 25% of the current global helium reserve. Two exploration wells Tai 1 and Tai 2 completed by August 2021 have proved the presence of seal and reservoir horizons with the reservoirs containing significant helium shows

Adding Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Exposure and Response Prevention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The objective of this study was to test whether treatment acceptability, exposure engagement, and completion rates could be increased by integrating acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) with traditional exposure and response prevention (ERP). 58 adults (68% female) diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; M age = 27, 80% white) engaged in a multisite randomized controlled trial of 16 individual twice-weekly sessions of either ERP or ACT + ERP. Assessors unaware of treatment condition administered assessments of OCD, depression, psychological flexibility, and obsessional beliefs at pretreatment, posttreatment, and six-month follow-up. Treatment acceptability, credibility/expectancy, and exposure engagement were also assessed. Exposure engagement was high in both conditions and there were no significant differences in exposure engagement, treatment acceptability, or dropout rates between ACT + ERP and ERP. OCD symptoms, depression, psychological flexibility, and obsessional beliefs decreased significantly at posttreatment and were maintained at follow-up in both conditions. No between-group differences in outcome were observed using intent to treat and predicted data from multilevel modeling. ACT + ERP and ERP were both highly effective treatments for OCD, and no differences were found in outcomes, processes of change, acceptability, or exposure engagement

Cooperative Furbearer Research Illinois Raccoon Investigations Annual Job Progress Report 1 July 1993 through 30 June 1994

Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration W-104-R-5Ope