Advancing IoT Security with Tsetlin Machines: A Resource-Efficient Anomaly Detection Approach

The number of IoT devices are rapidly increasing, and the nature of the devices leave them vulnerable to attacks. As of today there are no general security solutions that meet the requirements of running with limited resources on devices with a large variety of use cases. Traditional AI models are able to classify and distinguish between benign and malignant network traffic. However, they require more resources than IoT devices can provide, and cannot train on-chip once deployed. This thesis introduces the Tsetlin Machine as a potential solution to this problem. As a binary, propositional logic model, the Tsetlin Machine is compatible with hardware and can perform predictions in near real-time on limited resources, making it a suitable candidate for intrusion detection in IoT devices. To assess the viability of the Tsetlin Machine as an IDS, we developed custom data loaders for the benchmark datasets: CIC-IDS2017, KDD99, NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and UNSW-Bot-IoT. We ran hyperparameter searches and numerous experiments to determine the performance of the Tsetlin machine on each dataset. We discovered that preprocessing data by converting each data value to a 32-bit binary number and imposing an upper bound on class sizes proved to be an effective strategy. Furthermore, we compared the performance of the Tsetlin Machine against various classifiers from the scikit-learn library and lazy predict. The results show that the Tsetlin Machine's performance was on par with, if not superior to, other machine learning models, indicating its potential as a reliable method for anomaly detection in IoT devices. However, future work is required to determine its viability in a real-life setting, running on limited resources and classifying real-time data

Advancing IoT Security with Tsetlin Machines: A Resource-Efficient Anomaly Detection Approach

The number of IoT devices are rapidly increasing, and the nature of the devices leave them vulnerable to attacks. As of today there are no general security solutions that meet the requirements of running with limited resources on devices with a large variety of use cases. Traditional AI models are able to classify and distinguish between benign and malignant network traffic. However, they require more resources than IoT devices can provide, and cannot train on-chip once deployed. This thesis introduces the Tsetlin Machine as a potential solution to this problem. As a binary, propositional logic model, the Tsetlin Machine is compatible with hardware and can perform predictions in near real-time on limited resources, making it a suitable candidate for intrusion detection in IoT devices. To assess the viability of the Tsetlin Machine as an IDS, we developed custom data loaders for the benchmark datasets: CIC-IDS2017, KDD99, NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and UNSW-Bot-IoT. We ran hyperparameter searches and numerous experiments to determine the performance of the Tsetlin machine on each dataset. We discovered that preprocessing data by converting each data value to a 32-bit binary number and imposing an upper bound on class sizes proved to be an effective strategy. Furthermore, we compared the performance of the Tsetlin Machine against various classifiers from the scikit-learn library and lazy predict. The results show that the Tsetlin Machine's performance was on par with, if not superior to, other machine learning models, indicating its potential as a reliable method for anomaly detection in IoT devices. However, future work is required to determine its viability in a real-life setting, running on limited resources and classifying real-time data

Missä määrin lääketieteen termit ovat omaperäisiä? Ruotsin ja Suomen lääketieteen kielen terminologian kontrastiivista tarkastelua sekä suomen, ruotsin ja saksan kielen sanasto

I min pro gradu-avhandling har jag undersökt medicinska termers, framför allt anestesi-termers, etymologi på finska och svenska för att kunna dra slutsatser om andelen egen-språkiga och främmande komponenter. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka om det finns eventuella skillnader mellan de båda språken. Ytterligare ett mål var att skapa en anestesiordlista på tre språk, finska, svenska och tyska. Bakgrunden till valet av ämne är min schweiziska anestesiskötarexamen från år 1984. De undersökta ca 200 termerna samlade jag från två handböcker i anestesiologi: Halldin, Matts: Nukutus ja puudutus (1978) och Halldin, Matts: Narkos och bedövning (1982). Eftersom den finska handboken är en översättning av den svenska har jag senare jämfört eventuella skillnader i den finska terminologin med handboken Anestesiologia, som är en senare utgiven bok i samma ämne. Efter en kort beskrivning av det medicinska fackspråkets historia och den medicinska språkvården i Finland och Sverige, följer ett kapitel om terminologins teori generellt. Därefter undersökte jag etymologin, termbildningen, andelen främmande och egenspråkigt material hos de termer jag samlat. Slutsatsen blev att 29,5 % av de finska termerna är av egenspråkigt finskt ursprung, medan 19 % av de svenska termerna är svenska eller har anammats av svenskan från närbesläktade språk. Andelen främmande material är som synes stor i båda språkgrupperna. De undersökta termerna presenteras i 165 termposter i bilagan. Varje termpost ingår i ett av de 32 begreppssystemen. Bilagan har alfabetiska sökordlistor på finska, svenska och tyska.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

Green bridges as resources for ecological, social and aesthetic values

The visions of the United Nations concerning sustainable development and conservation of biodiversity can only be realized if the human population succeeds in creating coexistence between human and wildlife. Landscape architects are able to influence on how landscapes are to be maintained and developed. The negative impact of infrastructure on wildlife has become a critical problem in Sweden and other parts of Europe. Wildlife crossings has been developed as a solution for the problems of road barriers in the landscape. The crossings are made to give animals a better opportunity to cross roads. There are a lot of different models of crossings, for different needs. The overbridging crossings are called wildlife bridges or green bridges. In the Netherlands the problems of barriers have become so critical that they have had parts of the road network demolished. In Sweden it is not yet too late to include green bridges and other wildlife crossings in planning processes and spare the need of demolishing existing roads. The main reason why green bridges have not been used as a method in Sweden is because of high economic costs, small quantity of traffic and because of a different design culture. Ian Thompson has created a model for good landscape architecture which has been used in this essay. The model is called trivalent design and embraces three equal values: ecology, aesthetics and social awareness. Trivalent design also here represents the relationship and contribution of landscape architecture to sustainable development. Can green bridges become ecological, aesthetic and social assets in urban areas? Do they have the potential to be good and sustainable landscape architecture? The result was obtained by reading information about green bridges, Thompsons book Ecology, Community and Delight and literature on urban planning. Several benefits of the use of green bridges in Sweden urban areas in the future were found. One ecological benefit was that planning for green bridges are a relatively simple positive step to take for landscape architects and planners in the conflict between human life habits and nature. Aesthetic benefits from green bridges were that they can strengthen a community identity. Green bridges can also serve as reference points in the local environment and help people to orientate in the cities. Thanks to better accessibility to green spaces a lot of social benefits could be noticed, such as: increased physical and mental health, decreased segregation and greater ecological awareness. Ecological infrastructure is a topic that would gain on being exhibited as a topic with prospects in a lot of different values. Green bridges could be examples of great landscape architecture in Sweden.Förenta Nationernas visioner om en hållbar utveckling och att värna om den biologiska mångfalden kan endast realiseras om människan lyckas leva i samklang med natur och djurliv. Landskapsarkitekter kan påverka hur planeringen av landskapen ska se ut. Infrastrukturens negativa inverkan på i och med barriäreffekter för faunan har blivit ett stort problem både i Sverige och nere i övriga delar av Europa. Kompensationsåtgärder i form av faunapassager har börjat tas i bruk. Faunapassager är konstruktioner som underlättar för djur att passera en väg. Olika faunapassager har utvecklats, med olika funktioner. De överbryggande kallas faunaövergångar eller gröna broar. I Nederländerna har problemen med barriärer blivit så stora att man tvingats demontera delar av vägnätet för att rädda den ekologiska situationen i landskapet. I Sverige är vägnätet fortfarande så pass luckert att en planering som innefattar gröna broar och andra faunapassager kan bespara oss behovet av demontering. Anledningarna till att gröna broar inte fått ett stort genomslag i Sverige ännu är ekonomiska skäl, att vi har en relativt liten trafikmängd och en annorlunda gestaltningskultur. I arbetet användes Ian Thompsons modell för god landskapsarkitektur. Modellen kallas trivalent design och innefattar tre jämbördiga värden: ekologi, social medvetenhet och estetik. Modellen har även två av tre gemensamma grundpelare med modellen för hållbar utveckling: ekologisk-, social- och ekonomisk hållbarhet. Trivalent design symboliserar i arbetet därför även landskapsarkitekturens potentiella bidrag till en hållbar utveckling. Kan gröna broar utgöra ekologiska, sociala och estetiska tillgångar i svenska stadsnära miljöer? Har gröna broar potential till att leva upp till kriterierna för god landskapsarkitektur och hållbarhet? Resultatet erhölls genom litteraturstudier av bakgrundsinformation kring gröna broar, Thompsons bok Ecology, Community and Delight samt litteratur som behandlade stadsplanering. Ekologiska vinningar fanns exempelvis i form av att det är en relativt enkel form av konflikthantering mellan människans livsstil och naturens fortsatta funktion. Estetiska värden går att vinna genom att exempelvis via gestaltning förstärka områdens lokala identitet. Gröna broar kan också fungera som referenspunkter och underlätta för människor att orientera sig i sin närhet. Gröna broar kan bidra till bättre nåbarhet på och kopplingar mellan olika grönområden vilket leder till en rad sociala fördelar såsom ökad fysisk och psykisk hälsa, ökad social integration och ökad ekologisk läskunnighet. En värdepluralistiskt synvinkel bedömdes ha potentialen att gynna ämnet kring ekologisk anpassning av infrastruktur. Gröna broar skulle kunna utgöra exempel på god landskapsarkitektur i Sverige

Delayed hospitalization increases mortality in displaced femoral neck fracture patients

Background and purpose Reports regarding the relationship between delayed surgery and mortality in femoral neck fracture patients are contradictory. We could not find any study in the literature investigating delayed arrival to hospital and delayed surgery as separate factors affecting mortality in femoral neck fracture patients, which was the purpose of our study

Outcomes of total hip arthroplasty, as a salvage procedure, following failed internal fixation of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: The optimal management of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in independently mobile patients remains open to debate. Successful fixation obviates the limitations of arthroplasty for this group of patients. However, with fixation failure rates as high as 30%, the outcome of revision surgery to salvage total hip arthroplasty (THA) must be considered. We carried out a systematic review to compare the outcomes of salvage THA and primary THA for intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) compliant systematic review, using the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane libraries databases. A meta-analysis was performed where possible, and a narrative synthesis when a meta-analysis was not possible. RESULTS: Our analyses revealed a significantly increased risk of complications including deep infection, early dislocation and peri-prosthetic fracture with salvage THA when compared with primary THA for an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck (overall risk ratio of 3.15). Functional outcomes assessment using EuroQoL (EQ)-5D were not significantly different (p = 0.3). CONCLUSION: Salvage THA carries a significantly higher risk of complications than primary THA for intracapsular fractured neck of femur. Current literature is still lacking well designed studies to provide a full answer to the question. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Salvage THA is associated with more complications than primary THA for intracapsular neck of femur fractures

An emerging Panton–Valentine leukocidin-positive CC5-meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-IVc clone recovered from hospital and community settings over a 17-year period from 12 countries investigated by whole-genome sequencing

Background: A novel Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex (CC)5-MRSA-IVc (‘Sri Lankan’ clone) was recently described from Sri Lanka. Similar isolates caused a recent Irish hospital outbreak. Aim: To investigate the international dissemination and diversity of PVL-positive CC5-MRSA-IVc isolates from hospital and community settings using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: Core-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis, core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and microarray-based detection of antimicrobial-resistance and virulence genes were used to investigate PVL-positive CC5-MRSA-IVc (N = 214 including 46 ‘Sri Lankan’ clone) from hospital and community settings in 12 countries over 17 years. Comparators included 29 PVL-positive and 23 PVL-negative CC5/ST5-MRSA-I/II/IVa/IVc/IVg/V. Results: Maximum-likelihood cgSNP analysis grouped 209/214 (97.7%) CC5-MRSA-IVc into Clade I; average of 110 cgSNPs between isolates. Clade III contained the five remaining CC5-MRSA-IVc; average of 92 cgSNPs between isolates. Clade II contained seven PVL-positive CC5-MRSA-IVa comparators, whereas the remaining 45 comparators formed an outlier group. Minimum-spanning cgMLST analysis revealed a comparably low average of 57 allelic differences between all CC5/ST5-MRSA-IVc. All 214 CC5/ST5-MRSA-IVc were identified as ‘Sri Lankan’ clone, predominantly spa type t002 (186/214) with low population diversity and harboured a similar range of virulence genes and variable antimicrobial-resistance genes. All 214 Sri Lankan clone isolates and Clade II comparators harboured a 9616-bp chromosomal PVL-encoding phage remnant, suggesting both arose from a PVL-positive meticillin-susceptible ancestor. Over half of Sri Lankan clone isolates were from infections (142/214), and where detailed metadata were available (168/214), most were community associated (85/168). Conclusions: Stable chromosomal retention of pvl may facilitate Sri-Lankan clone dissemination

Biplane double-supported screw fixation (F-technique): a method of screw fixation at osteoporotic fractures of the femoral neck

The present work introduces a method of screw fixation of femoral neck fractures in the presence of osteoporosis, according to an original concept of the establishment of two supporting points for the implants and their biplane positioning in the femoral neck and head. The provision of two steady supporting points for the implants and the highly increased (obtuse) angle at which they are positioned allow the body weight to be transferred successfully from the head fragment onto the diaphysis, thanks to the strength of the screws, with the patient’s bone quality being of least importance. The position of the screws allows them to slide under stress with a minimal risk of displacement. The method was developed in search of a solution for those patients for whom primary arthroplasty is contraindicated. The method has been analysed in relation to biomechanics and statics. For the first time, a new function is applied to a screw fixation—the implant is presented as a simple beam with an overhanging end

Dislocation of total hip replacement in patients with fractures of the femoral neck: A prospective cohort study of 713 consecutive hips

Background Total hip replacement is increasingly used in active, relatively healthy elderly patients with fractures of the femoral neck. Dislocation of the prosthesis is a severe complication, and there is still controversy regarding the optimal surgical approach and its influence on stability. We analyzed factors influencing the stability of the total hip replacement, paying special attention to the surgical approach