848 research outputs found
Soberanía contemporánea y principio de subsidiariedad: el desempeño internacional de funciones soberanas en estados fallidos
Este artículo pretende ofrecer una reflexión panorámica sobre la naturaleza y el alcance de las competencias y funciones jurídicas de las modernas misiones internacionales de paz en territorios en conflicto y post-conflicto. El análisis de su relación con los principios jurídicos estructurales de soberanía estatal, libre determinación de los pueblos y la protección internacional de los derechos humanos parece útil para perfilar su papel teórico dentro del sistema jurídico internacional contemporáneo y establecer algunas hipótesis sobre su presente y su futura evolución jurídica y los desafíos a que se enfrentan.
Palabras clave: Soberanía. Estados fallidos. Libre determinación. Derechos humanos.
Abstract
This article aims to offer some thoughts on the nature and scope of the legal competences and functions of the modern international peace operations in conflict and post-conflict territories. The analysis of their relationship with the structural legal principles of State sovereignty, self-determination of peoples and the international protection of human rights can be helpful in order to specify their theoretical role within the contemporary international legal system and to advance some working hypotheses about their present and future development and challenges.
Keywords: Sovereignty. Failed States. Self-determination. Human rights
Orientación al mercado, resultados e indicadores básicos de competitividad, interrelación en las agencias de viajes
El presente trabajo analiza los efectos de la
orientación al mercado en una doble vertiente: de
un lado, estudia los efectos de la orientación al
mercado sobre los resultados y, de otro, mide los
efectos de la misma sobre los indicadores básicos
de la competitividad. A su vez, se han considerado
los efectos de las diferentes dimensiones de la
orientación al mercado sobre diversas medidas de
resultados empresariales. Los hallazgos obtenidos
en el sector de las agencias de viaje permiten confirmar
la existencia de una relación indirecta entre
orientación al mercado y resultados, a través de su
contribución a los indicadores básicos de competitividad.
Asimismo se ha comprobado que las
dimensiones de la orientación al mercado ejercen
diferentes influencias sobre los resultados, de tal forma que no todas ellas poseen un efecto positivo.The present study analyses the consequences of
market orientation from two perspectives: firstly,
it studies the market orientation effects on results,
and secondly, it measures those effects on competitiveness
indicators. Additionally, the effects of
market orientation on different dimensions of business
performance have been considered. The
results on travel agency sector support the relationship
between market orientation and performance,
through the contribution of competitiveness
indicators. Furthermore, market orientation
dimensions have diverse influences on performances;
same of them have not showed a positive
effect
Glial activation precedes alpha-synuclein pathology in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as an important feature in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains unclear whether neuroinflammation contributes to nigral degeneration in PD or is merely a secondary marker of neurodegeneration. We aimed to investigate the temporal relationship between synucleopathy, neuroinflammation and nigrostriatal degeneration in a mouse model of PD. Mice received unilateral intrastriatal injection of alpha-synuclein pre-formed fibrils, alpha-synuclein monomer or vehicle and were sacrificed at 15, 30 and 90 days post-injection. Intrastriatal inoculation of alpha-synuclein fibrils led to significant alpha-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra peaking at 30 days after injection while the significant increase in Iba-1 cells, GFAP cells and IL-1β expression peaked earlier at 15 days. At 90 days, the striatal dopaminergic denervation was associated with astroglial activation. Alpha-synuclein monomer did not result in long-term glia activation or increase in inflammatory markers. The spread of alpha-synuclein aggregates into the cortex was not associated with any changes to neuroinflammatory markers. Our results demonstrate that in the substantia nigra glial activation is an early event that precedes alpha-synuclein inclusion formation, suggesting neuroinflammation could play an important early role in the pathogenesis of PD
A theoretical reflection on smart shape modeling
This paper presents, as far as the authors are aware, a complete and extended new taxonomy of shape specification modeling techniques and a characterization of shape design systems, all based on the relationship of users’ knowledge to the modeling system they use to generate shapes. In-depth knowledge of this relationship is not usually revealed in the regular university training courses such as bachelor’s, master’s and continuing education. For this reason, we believe that it is necessary to modify the learning process, offering a more global vision of all the currently existing techniques and extending training in those related to algorithmic modeling techniques. We consider the latter to be the most powerful current techniques for modeling complex shapes that cannot be modeled with the usual techniques known to date. Therefore, the most complete training should include everything from the usual geometry to textual programming. This would take us a step further along the way to more powerful design environments. The proposed taxonomy could serve as a guideline to help improve the learning process of students and designers in a complex environment with increasingly powerful requirements and tools. The term “smart” is widely used nowadays, e.g. smart phones, smart cars, smart homes, smart cities... and similar terms such as “smart shape modeling”. Nowadays, the term smart is applied from a marketing point of view, whenever an innovation is used to solve a complex problem. This is the case for what is currently called smart shape modeling. However, in the future; this concept should mean a much better design environment than today. The smart future requires better trained and skilled engineers, architects, designers or technical students. This means that they must be prepared to be able to contribute to the creation of new knowledge, to the use of innovations to solve complex problems of form, and to the extraction of the relevant pieces of intelligence from the growing volume of knowledge and technologies accessible today. Our taxonomy is presented from the point of view of methods that are possibly furthest away from what is considered today as “intelligent shape modeling” to the limit of what is achievable today and which the authors call “Generic Shape Algorithm”. Finally, we discuss the characteristics that a shape modeling system must have to be truly “intelligent”: it must be “proactive” in applying innovative ideas to achieve a solution to a complex problem
Electrokinetic Behaviour and Interaction with Oxalic Acid of Different Hydrous Chromium(III) Oxides
Three samples of hydrous chromium(III) oxide have been prepared by different procedures, and their electrokinetic mobilities have been measured. In mineral media, isoelectric points were found to be 8.45 ±0.15. This value is shifted from the solution isoelectric point by –0.35 ±0.15, due to the contribution of solvation energy to the energy of ionic adsorption. On the basis of a simple model, it is suggested that the two successive surface acidity constants of hydrous chromium(III) oxide are pKS a1 = 7.17 and pKS a2 = 9.72. The influence of oxalic acidity on mobility may be described in terms of two successive adsorption equilibria, the first one conducive to the neutralization of positive protonic charge, and the second one originating a charge reversal. It is shown that the apparent affinity for this latter mode is lower in one of the samples, suggesting that surface complexation constants may in fact be sensitive to the history of hydrous chromium(III) oxide particles. The three samples show similar dissolution behaviour but the specific rates differ, in one case by two orders of magnitude. This difference is explained in terms of the influence of crosslinking on the reactivity
Polarografía oscilográfica del ditiocarbamato sódico derivado de N,N-dibencilamina
Se ha aislado y caracterizado el ditiocarbamato sódico obtenido a partir de N,N-dibencilamina, S2C y NaOH, con expresión de los espectros IR, electrónico y RMN. Se ha estudiado la oxidación electroquímica sobre electrodo de gota de mercurio. Los datos oscilopolarográficos ponen de manifiesto que el producto de la reacción anódica se adsorbe intensamente sobre la superficie del electrodo indicador.The sodium dithiocarbamate produced by interaction of N,N-dibenzylarnine,
S2C and NaOH is isolated and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis,
IR, RMN and electronic spectra.
The electrochemical oxidation of dithiocarbamate in the dropping Hg electrode is studied. Oscillopolarographic data reveal that the products of the anodic
reaction is strongly adsorbed at the mercury drop
Español
Se ha aislado y caracterizado el ditiocarbamato sódico obtenido a partir de N,N-dibencilamina, S2C y NaOH, con expresión de los espectros IR, electrónico y RMN. Se ha estudiado la oxidación electroquímica sobre electrodo de gota de mercurio. Los datos oscilopolarográficos ponen de manifiesto que el producto de la reacción anódica se adsorbe intensamente sobre la superficie del electrodo indicador.The sodium dithiocarbamate produced by interaction of N,N-dibenzylarnine, S2C and NaOH is isolated and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, RMN and electronic spectra. The electrochemical oxidation of dithiocarbamate in the dropping Hg electrode is studied. Oscillopolarographic data reveal that the products of the anodic reaction is strongly adsorbed at the mercury drop
Exome sequencing in a consanguineous family clinically diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease identifies a homozygous CTSF mutation
We have previously reported the whole genome genotyping analysis of 2 consanguineous siblings clinically diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this analysis, we identified several large regions of homozygosity shared between both affected siblings, which we suggested could be candidate loci for a recessive genetic lesion underlying the early onset AD in these cases. We have now performed exome sequencing in one of these siblings and identified the potential cause of disease: the CTSF c.1243G>A:p.Gly415Arg mutation in homozygosity. Biallelic mutations in this gene have been shown to cause Type B Kufs disease, an adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with some cases resembling the impairment seen in AD
Iminium Salts of ω-Dithiafulvenylpolyenals: An Easy Entry to the Corresponding Aldehydes and Doubly Proaromatic Nonlinear Optic-phores
A short, high-yielding route to ω-dithiafulvenylpolyenals (1) via the corresponding iminium salts (2) and starting from trimethyl-1,3-dithiolium tetrafluoroborate is reported. The Knoevenagel reactions of either 1 or 2 with isoxazolone-containing acceptors afford merocyanines 7 and 9, in a process that is often accompanied by a vinylene-shortening side reaction. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that compounds 7 and 9, featuring two proaromatic end groups, are strongly polarized and show good second-order nonlinear optical responses
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