The feeling is that there is an equal probability : Teacher-students knowledge andperceptions in the mathematical area of probability

Dagens moderna samhälle är uppbyggt av olika sannolikhetsmodeller. Det kan innefatta allt från väderprognoser och försäkringar till att förutspå sannolikhetsmått i spel och lekar där slumpen gör sig påmind. Lärarstudenter möter sannolikhets- och slumpbegrepp i de matematikkurser som en lärarutbildning erbjuder, i syfte att utveckla specifika ämneskunskaper och pedagogiska färdigheter. Betydelsen av att framtida lärare erhåller kunskaper i sannolikhetslära blir tydlig då TIMSS (Sollerman & Nydahl, 2020) senaste rapport visar att statistik och sannolikhet är ett område där yngre elevers resultat försämras för varje fyraårsperiod som undersökningen genomförs. Eftersom sannolikhetslära utgör grunden för statistiska antaganden är området viktigt, både i vardagen och i undervisning då grundläggande kunskaper och uppfattningar erhålls. Detta ställer i sin tur krav på att lärarstudenter i sin framtida yrkesroll har kunskap om kända missuppfattningar och intuitiva antaganden. Studien utgår från Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching som är ett ramverk för lärarkunskap och syftar till betydelsen av lärares matematiska och pedagogiska kunskaper. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka lärarstudenters kunskaper och uppfattningar för slumpmässiga händelser i det matematiska området sannolikhetslära. Detta görs genom kvantitativ datainsamlingsmetod i form av en digital enkät av varierande frågor. 55 lärarstudenter svarade på enkäten som analyserades kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Studien delade in deltagarna i två grupper. Första och sista halvan av utbildningen för att undersöka skillnader. Följande frågeställningar ligger till grund för att uppfylla studiens syfte: Vilka svårigheter och missuppfattningar uppmärksammas av lärarstudenter? Hur resonerar lärarstudenter kring specifika områden inom sannolikhetslära? Hur påverkar en lärarutbildning över tid, lärarstudenters förmåga att resonera matematiskt eller intuitivt? Resultatet visar att relativa frekvensen, representativitet och sammansatt slumpmässig händelse är problematiska områden. Intuitiva antaganden resulterar i problematiska resonemang och lärarstudenters personliga känsla för slump uppmärksammas. Vidare syns skillnader mellan grupperna och gruppen med lärarstudenter som går sista halvan av utbildningen uppvisar ett bättre resultat.Today´s modern society consists of different probability models. It can include everything from weather forecasts and insurance to predicting probability measures in games where chance is reminded. Teacher-students encounter concepts of probability and chance through their basic teacher education, which is part of mathematics teaching. The importance of gaining specific knowledge in probability theory becomes clear when TIMSS (Sollerman & Nydahl, 2020) latest report shows that statistics and probability is an area where younger students results drops for each four-year period that the survey is conducted. Because probability theory is the basis for statistical assumptions, the area is important, both in everyday life and in teaching when basic knowledge and perceptions are held. This in turn requires that teachers-students in their future professional role have knowledge of known misconceptions and intuitive assumptions. The study is based on Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching, which is a framework for teacher knowledge and aims at the importance of teachers mathematical and pedagogical knowledge. This study aims to examine teacher-students knowledge and perceptions of random events in the mathematical area of probability theory. This is done through a quantitative data collection method in the form of a digital survey of varying questions. 55 teacher-students responded to the questionnaire, which was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study divided the participants into two groups. First and last half of the education to study differences. The following questions form the basis for fulfilling the aim of the study: What difficulties and misconceptions are noticed by teacher-students? How do teachers-students reason about a specific area i probability theory? How does a teacher education over time affect teacher-students ability to reason mathematically or intuitively? The result shows that relative frequency, representativeness and compound random events are problematic areas. Intuitive assumptions result in problematic reasoning and the teacher-students personal sense of probability is noticed. Furthermore, differences of teacher-students who attend the last half of the education show a better result

Effektiv styrketräning för vältränade med fokus på att öka maximal styrka och muskelmassa : en litteraturstudie

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The Not So Green Mile : Greenwashing’s effect on brand image when moderated by customer loyalty, using Volkswagen as a case study

Our planet is facing an environmental crisis in form of an ongoing increase in temperature caused by greenhouse gas emissions generated by humans. Volkswagen was recently proven guilty of greenwashing, claiming to be environmental friendly when in fact conducting poor environmental performance, causing society to react. Previous research states that this form of greenwashing needs to be studied further. The purpose of this study is to explain whether individual level of customer loyalty has an effect on brand image when greenwashing has been proven. Brand image has been divided into brand attitude and symbolic brand value. The study has a deductive approach and a cross-sectional design was used. The study is of a quantitative nature, handing out an electronic questionnaire in Kristianstad, Lund and Malmo using a non-probability sampling method. This study has found that greenwashing has a negative effect on brand attitude but fails to prove that greenwashing has a negative effect on symbolic brand value. Furthermore, increasing level of customer loyalty has a positive effect on brand attitude but has no effect on symbolic brand value when greenwashing has been proven. Thus, high levels of loyalty can be used to rescue brands in crisis. The limitations of this study are that the results found regarding symbolic brand value were of no significance and Volkswagen as a case may not be suitable for future research. Instead this study enables a generalization of greenwashing’s affect on brand image when moderated by customer loyalty, and can be applied to similar cases.

Factors and perceptions that influence women's decisions to have a single embryo transferred

The aim of this study was to identify factors that inhibit or promote the adoption of single embryo transfer (SET). A cohort of 163 women patients receiving IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment, comprising 87 women choosing SET and 63 women choosing double embryo transfer (DET), were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The data were compared using logistic regression analysis. Confidence in the chance of pregnancy with SET, younger age and first treatment were predictive of a decision for SET. Preference for a healthy and singleton pregnancy was predictive but perceptions of the incidence or risk of multiple gestation were not. Factors such as a sense of time urgency and past experience of treatment were significant and predictive of diminished choice of SET. The clinic doctor was an important influencing factor. The results of this study confirm that improved pregnancy rates in SET coupled with an official clinic policy to promote SET in younger, first cycle patients influenced many women to choose SET. However, repeated treatment, advancing age and urgency to become pregnant are factors that moderate a woman's choice for SET.S de Lacey, MJ Davies, G Homan, N Briggs, RJ Norma

Why don't we perform elective single embryo transfer? A qualitative study among IVF patients and professionals.

Contains fulltext : 69389.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)BACKGROUND: Elective single embryo transfer (eSET) enables the prevention of multiple pregnancies after in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, in Europe, the multiple pregnancy rate after IVF remains stable at approximately 23%, with SET occurring in 15% of all IVF cycles. In most European clinics, the decision for the number of embryos transferred is established through a form of shared decision-making between patients and professionals. The aim of this study is to explore factors influencing this decision, in particular factors preventing eSET use. METHODS: We performed explorative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews, based on two theoretical models. The interviews were performed among 19 Dutch IVF professionals and 20 patients who had just undergone IVF or were on the waiting list for IVF. The interviews were fully transcribed and two researchers independently scored the factors according to the models. RESULTS: We identified a wide variety of factors, potentially influencing eSET use: 37 with the professionals and 26 among the patients. Examples of factors mentioned by both patients and professionals were: uncertainty about the eSET technique, couples' lack of knowledge about essential eSET aspects, absence of a reimbursement system which favours eSET, inadequate options to select couples suitable for eSET and inferior cryopreservation success rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that both IVF professionals and patients identify numerous factors preventing eSET use in clinical practice. To estimate the impact of these factors identified, a quantitative confirmation and assessment of the magnitude of the effect is necessary

During IVF treatment patient preference shifts from singletons towards twins but only a few patients show an actual reversal of preference

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of patients' preferences for elective single embryo transfer (eSET) or double embryo transfer (DET) and for singletons or twins is of great importance in counselling for embryo transfer (ET) strategies. In this study, the stability of IVF patients' preferences over time for either a healthy single child or healthy twins was measured and we investigated which factors could explain preference shifts. METHODS: Infertile women (n = 177) who participated in an RCT comparing one cycle eSET with one cycle DET were included. A satisfaction questionnaire was developed to measure patient preferences and attitudes at two moments in time, i.e. at 2 weeks before ET and at 2 weeks following ET, after the results of the pregnancy test. Regression analysis examined the effect of several variables on preference shifts. RESULTS: Before ET, most patients expressed a preference for a singleton, whereas most patients were indifferent 2 weeks after ET, resulting in an overall preference shift towards twins (P = 0.002; n = 145). Overall, 62% of patients showed a preference shift. Preference shifts were explained by patients' global satisfaction of the information given by the fertility clinic staff received by the fertility clinic staff, and an interaction between the occurrence of pregnancy and transfer policy (eSET or DET). CONCLUSIONS: In general, patients' preferences for a singleton or twins are not stable during IVF treatment. Possible explanations of a shift in preference are that pregnant patients attuned their preferences to what they expect their pregnancy to result in, whereas non-pregnant patients shifted towards a preference for twins in order to be able to fulfil their ultimate child wish