7 research outputs found

    Phosphates catalysts for the dehydration of lactic acid into acrylic acid

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    DiffĂ©rents phosphates ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©s et testĂ©s pour la dĂ©shydratation de l'acide lactique en phase gaz. La sĂ©lectivitĂ© en acide acrylique dĂ©pend fortement de la tempĂ©rature de rĂ©action mais peu du temps de contact. A 380°C, des valeurs de sĂ©lectivitĂ© allant de 19 Ă  50% ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es pour des phosphates alcalino-terreux qui sont stables sur au moins 24 h. Des mesures d'acido-basicitĂ© ont montrĂ© que ces phosphates contiennent une forte proportion de sites de mĂȘme force faible. De plus, une corrĂ©lation entre la sĂ©lectivitĂ© en acide acrylique et le ratio molaire acide/base a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie : elle atteint 50% pour un rapport proche de 1 et diminue lorsque ce ratio augmente. L'acide lactique Ă©tant thermiquement peu stable (fonction acide trĂšs rĂ©active), nous nous sommes tournĂ©s vers la conversion du lactate d'Ă©thyle pur. Les sĂ©lectivitĂ©s en produits de dĂ©shydratation sont largement favorisĂ©es avec une sĂ©lectivitĂ© maximale de 87% Ă  15% de conversion. Cependant, les catalyseurs sont moins actifs et se dĂ©sactivent fortement sur 24 h. La dĂ©sactivation peut ĂȘtre inhibĂ©e par ajout d'eau dans la phase gaz. La caractĂ©risation de surface a montrĂ© que les vitesses de rĂ©action augmentent avec le rapport P/M et a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence d'une phase amorphe hydroxylĂ©e correspondant Ă  des mono, dihydrogĂ©nophosphates ou des polyphosphates. Les groupements P-OH prĂ©sents dans cette phase sont consommĂ©s ou modifiĂ©s en condition de rĂ©action pour les deux rĂ©actifs suggĂ©rant qu'ils constituent des sites actifs. Enfin, le suivi DRIFT des TPD-NH3 a permis de proposer que des paires acide-base (M2+ et P-O-) sont dosĂ©es dans ce cas. Elles constitueraient le site d'adsorption de l'acide lactique conduisant ensuite Ă  un mĂ©canisme de dĂ©shydratation de type E2Various alkaline-earth phosphates were prepared and evaluated for gas phase dehydration of lactic acid. Selectivity to acrylic acid strongly depends on the reaction temperature but not on the contact time. At 380 °C, values ranging from 19 to 49% were measured for alkaline–earth phosphates catalysts that are stable for at least 24 h. Acid–base properties measurements revealed that such phosphates contain high proportion of acidic and basic sites with same weak strength. Furthermore, correlation between selectivity to acrylic acid and the acid–base balance was clearly established: it was 50% for balance close to 1 and decreased increasing this parameter. Because of poor thermal stability of lactic acid, we then focused on the ethyl lactate conversion. Selectivities in dehydration products were much higher with a maxima of 87% at 15% conversion. However, the catalysts were less active and stable. The deactivation can be inhibited adding water in the gas phase. Surface characterization of catalysts showed that catalytic activities are correlated with the P/M ratio and revealed the presence of an hydroxylated amorphous phase corresponding to mono / dihydrogenophosphates or polyphosphates. The P-OH species present in these phases are consumed or modified for both reactants suggesting that they are active sites. Finally, NH3-TPD measurements followed by DRIFT suggested that acid base pairs (M2+ and P-O-) are then probed. Such pairs would constitute the adsorption site of lactic acid which then dehydrate in acrylic acid by an E2 mechanis

    Catalyseurs phosphates pour la dĂ©shydratation de l’acide lactique en acide acrylique

    No full text
    Various alkaline-earth phosphates were prepared and evaluated for gas phase dehydration of lactic acid. Selectivity to acrylic acid strongly depends on the reaction temperature but not on the contact time. At 380 °C, values ranging from 19 to 49% were measured for alkaline–earth phosphates catalysts that are stable for at least 24 h. Acid–base properties measurements revealed that such phosphates contain high proportion of acidic and basic sites with same weak strength. Furthermore, correlation between selectivity to acrylic acid and the acid–base balance was clearly established: it was 50% for balance close to 1 and decreased increasing this parameter. Because of poor thermal stability of lactic acid, we then focused on the ethyl lactate conversion. Selectivities in dehydration products were much higher with a maxima of 87% at 15% conversion. However, the catalysts were less active and stable. The deactivation can be inhibited adding water in the gas phase. Surface characterization of catalysts showed that catalytic activities are correlated with the P/M ratio and revealed the presence of an hydroxylated amorphous phase corresponding to mono / dihydrogenophosphates or polyphosphates. The P-OH species present in these phases are consumed or modified for both reactants suggesting that they are active sites. Finally, NH3-TPD measurements followed by DRIFT suggested that acid base pairs (M2+ and P-O-) are then probed. Such pairs would constitute the adsorption site of lactic acid which then dehydrate in acrylic acid by an E2 mechanismDiffĂ©rents phosphates ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©s et testĂ©s pour la dĂ©shydratation de l'acide lactique en phase gaz. La sĂ©lectivitĂ© en acide acrylique dĂ©pend fortement de la tempĂ©rature de rĂ©action mais peu du temps de contact. A 380°C, des valeurs de sĂ©lectivitĂ© allant de 19 Ă  50% ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es pour des phosphates alcalino-terreux qui sont stables sur au moins 24 h. Des mesures d'acido-basicitĂ© ont montrĂ© que ces phosphates contiennent une forte proportion de sites de mĂȘme force faible. De plus, une corrĂ©lation entre la sĂ©lectivitĂ© en acide acrylique et le ratio molaire acide/base a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie : elle atteint 50% pour un rapport proche de 1 et diminue lorsque ce ratio augmente. L'acide lactique Ă©tant thermiquement peu stable (fonction acide trĂšs rĂ©active), nous nous sommes tournĂ©s vers la conversion du lactate d'Ă©thyle pur. Les sĂ©lectivitĂ©s en produits de dĂ©shydratation sont largement favorisĂ©es avec une sĂ©lectivitĂ© maximale de 87% Ă  15% de conversion. Cependant, les catalyseurs sont moins actifs et se dĂ©sactivent fortement sur 24 h. La dĂ©sactivation peut ĂȘtre inhibĂ©e par ajout d'eau dans la phase gaz. La caractĂ©risation de surface a montrĂ© que les vitesses de rĂ©action augmentent avec le rapport P/M et a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© la prĂ©sence d'une phase amorphe hydroxylĂ©e correspondant Ă  des mono, dihydrogĂ©nophosphates ou des polyphosphates. Les groupements P-OH prĂ©sents dans cette phase sont consommĂ©s ou modifiĂ©s en condition de rĂ©action pour les deux rĂ©actifs suggĂ©rant qu'ils constituent des sites actifs. Enfin, le suivi DRIFT des TPD-NH3 a permis de proposer que des paires acide-base (M2+ et P-O-) sont dosĂ©es dans ce cas. Elles constitueraient le site d'adsorption de l'acide lactique conduisant ensuite Ă  un mĂ©canisme de dĂ©shydratation de type E

    Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19

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    BackgroundWe previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15-20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in similar to 80% of cases.MethodsWe report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded.ResultsNo gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5-528.7, P=1.1x10(-4)) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR=3.70[95%CI 1.3-8.2], P=2.1x10(-4)). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR=19.65[95%CI 2.1-2635.4], P=3.4x10(-3)), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR=4.40[9%CI 2.3-8.4], P=7.7x10(-8)). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD]=43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P=1.68x10(-5)).ConclusionsRare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old
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