Children's voices-differentiating a child perspective from a child's perspective

OBJECTIVE : The aim of this paper was to discuss differences between having a child perspective and taking the child's perspective based on the problem being investigated. METHODS : Conceptual paper based on narrative review. RESULTS : The child's perspective in research concerning children that need additional support are important. The difference between having a child perspective and taking the child's perspective in conjunction with the need to know children's opinions has been discussed in the literature. From an ideological perspective the difference between the two perspectives seems self-evident, but the perspectives might be better seen as different ends on a continuum solely from an adult's view of children to solely the perspective of children themselves. Depending on the research question, the design of the study may benefit from taking either perspective. In this article, we discuss the difference between the perspectives based on the problem being investigated, children's capacity to express opinions, environmental adaptations and the degree of interpretation needed to understand children's opinions. CONCLUSION : The examples provided indicate that children's opinions can be regarded in most research, although to different degrees.http://informahealthcare.com/journal/pdr2016-06-30hb201

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

The Role Of Serum Amyloid A In Inflammatory Disease - Proinflammatory Mediator Or Inert Biomarker?

Abstract: Neutrophils are phagocytes of the innate immune system with prominent roles in host defense and are also believed to be important in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by accumulating in inflamed joints and contribute to tissues destruction. Neutrophils differentiate in the bone-marrow and are mature cells when entering circulation with a cytoplasm packed with granules that contain toxic substances in addition to receptors that can be up-regulated to the cell surface during activation. Migration into the affected tissue is directed by mediators from the inflamed site which guides neutrophils along a chemotactic gradient and transfers the cell from resting- into a primed state. The inflammatory process triggers a systemic acute phase response characterized by the production of acute phase proteins (APP). The most prominent APP is serum amyloid A (SAA), the concentration of which can increase thousand fold in response to infection, aseptic inflammation or trauma. Patients with RA often have chronically elevated SAA in blood and joints and SAA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. Recombinant SAA (rSAA) has been suggested to possess proinflammatory activities and act as a chemoattractant for neutrophils via a receptor called FPR2. A peptide (PBP10) with intracellular inhibitory activity was shown to allow discrimination between neutrophil signals mediated by FPR2 and the closely related FPR1. Next, the receptor specificity for rSAA was studied by use of PBP10 and another FPR2 specific inhibitor WRW4. rSAA affinity for FPR2 in transfected cell lines was corroborated and rSAA indeed activated primary human neutrophils. However, FPR2 was not responsible for mediating activation of primary human neutrophils by rSAA. Next, proinflammatory activity of rSAA was compared to that of endogenous SAA in circulation of RA patients. Using a sensitive marker for neutrophil activation in peripheral blood, endogenous SAA in circulation lacked proinflammatory activity and thus differed functionally from rSAA. Synovial neutrophils from patients with inflammatory arthritis and elevated SAA in joint fluid were next studied with respect to activation status. Synovial neutrophils displayed a surprisingly resting phenotype despite having transmigrated from peripheral blood to a compartment with endogenous SAA. Endogenous SAA, both in circulation and in joints, lack the proinflammatory properties present in the recombinant molecule. Key-words: neutrophils, serum amyloid A, rheumatoid arthritis ISBN: 978-91-628-8050-

The proinflammatory activity of recombinant serum amyloid A is not shared by the endogenous protein in the circulation.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated serum levels of the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) are a marker for active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and SAA can also be found in the tissues of patients with active RA. Based on a number of studies with recombinant SAA (rSAA), the protein has been suggested to be a potent proinflammatory mediator that activates human neutrophils, but whether endogenous SAA shares these proinflammatory activities has not been directly addressed. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether SAA in the plasma of patients with RA possesses proinflammatory properties and activates neutrophils in a manner similar to that of the recombinant protein. METHODS: Neutrophil activation was monitored by flow cytometry, based on L-selectin shedding from cell surfaces. Whole blood samples from healthy subjects and from RA patients with highly elevated SAA levels were studied before and after stimulation with rSAA as well as purified endogenous SAA. RESULTS: Recombinant SAA potently induced cleavage of L-selectin from neutrophils and in whole blood samples. Despite highly elevated SAA levels, L-selectin was not down-regulated on RA patient neutrophils as compared with neutrophils from healthy controls. Spiking SAA-rich whole blood samples from RA patients with rSAA, however, resulted in L-selectin shedding. In addition, SAA purified from human plasma was completely devoid of neutrophil- or macrophage-activating capacity. CONCLUSION: The present findings show that rSAA is proinflammatory but that this activity is not shared by endogenous SAA, either when present in the circulation of RA patients or when purified from plasma during an acute-phase response

Sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om bruket av makt och maktsymboler inom rättspsykiatri

Makt inom den rättspsykiatriska omvårdnaden är ett område som i större utsträckning bör belysas, detta i syfte att uppnå en ökad förståelse samt insikt inom denna specifika vårdform. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattning om bruket av makt och maktsymboler i omvårdnaden av patienter inom rättspsykiatrin. Metoden som användes var kvalitativ innehållsanalys där strategiskt urval tillämpades och tio sjuksköterskor tillfrågades om intervjuer varav alla tio deltog. Resultatet delades in i två huvudteman som presenteras på tre olika strukturella nivåer, institutionell nivå, gruppnivå och individnivå

Innebörden i en skola för alla : Några skolpedagogers uppfattningar om skolsituationen för en elev med diagnosen AD/HD

Undersökningen i denna uppsats är en kvalitativ fallstudie. Den bygger på tre halvstrukturerade intervjuer med en rektor, en specialpedagog samt en lärare och deras uppfattningar kring en specifik skolsituation för en elev med diagnosen AD/HD. Undersökningen grundar sig i att AD/HD är en diagnos som kommit att öka kraftigt under senare år och därför blivit föremål för en debatt om dess konsekvenser i en skola för alla. Diagnoser diskuteras ofta ur ett kategoriskt eller kritiskt perspektiv som ett svar på hur skolsituationen gestaltar sig och båda perspektiven kan uppfattas gör anspråk på att sitta inne med rätta lösningar på problem. Debatten är för ensidig och förklarar inte den komplexitet som skolan rymmer. Vi har därför valt att söka förståelse ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, då det perspektivet intresserar sig för hur olika dilemman kommer till uttryck under vissa sociokulturella förhållanden. Syftet med undersökningen har varit att undersöka vad en skola för alla kan innebära i praktiken för en elev som fått diagnosen AD/HD. Vår avsikt har varit att identifiera faktorer på organisations-, grupp och individnivå inom skolans verksamhet som kan ha haft betydelse för hur skolsituationen ser ut. Vi relaterar dessa till texter, styrdokument och uppdraget en skola för alla. Följande frågor belyses: Hur resonerar skolpedagoger om eventuella hinder och möjligheter i arbetet med en elev med diagnosen AD/HD. Hur kan skolpedagoger uppfatta diagnosens betydelse och funktion i skolan. Resultatet visar att faktorer som samverkan, val av insatser och diagnosen har haft betydelse för hur skolsituationen ser ut. Skolpedagogernas resonemang speglar de dilemman de har att hantera och kan förstås utifrån olika faktorer som styr arbetets utformning såsom de krav styrdokumenten för med sig samt deras egna intentioner och förmåga att hitta olika vägar att nå målen, skolans upptagningsområde, den sociala praktiken med dess starka traditioner men också de verktyg eller redskap de använder

What does it mean to Know Computer Science? Perspectives from Gender Research

Abstract: The epistemological basis for computer science (CS), on which research and education as well as development of applications are founded, are fundamental for its production of knowledge. In this paper we raise the issue of how gender research developed within science and technology can be used within computer science, to approach and discuss foundations of the discipline, and what the implications of this reflection are for CS education. After an introduction, which serves to motivate the questions raised, we discuss issues concerning

Data on the NADPH-oxidase activity induced by WKYMVm and galectin-3 in bone marrow derived and exudated neutrophils isolated from four different mouse strains

Neutrophils are the key players in inflammatory reactions and the release of superoxide through the NADPH-oxidase upon neutrophil activation contributes to bacterial clearance and surrounding tissue damage. Here we describe data on the mouse neutrophil NADPH-oxidase activation induced by the mouse formyl peptide receptor (Fpr) agonist WKYMVm and galectin-3. Neutrophils isolated from bone marrow, peritoneal exudated, and in vitro TNFα primed bone marrow neutrophils from four different laboratory strains (C57BL/6, DBA/1, BALB/c and NMRI) were used. Both Fpr agonist and galectin-3 activated neutrophils to release superoxide. No differences were observed in the amounts of superoxide released from neutrophils derived from four different strains