Funkcionalna električna stimulacija za kućnu upotrebu kod bolesnika nakon moždanog udara

Aim: The aim of this pragmatic observational study was to identify for which purposes Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been prescribed in University Rehabilitation Institute of Republic of Slovenia – Soča (URI-Soča) for long term treatment at home and whether prescribing practice has been changed over time in the last 10 years. Methods: A pragmatic cohort retrospective study included 373 stroke patients that performed inpatient rehabilitation at the Department for rehabilitation of patients after stroke URI-Soča between January 2010 and December 2019, and used FES at home after discharge. Results: FES was most often prescribed to patients with mild disability and severely affected upper extremity after stroke. Half of the patients used FES on the paretic upper extremity, 46.9% on the hemiparetic upper and lower extremity and only minority (2.9%) on the affected lower extremity alone. The upper limb stimulation predominated almost in the whole observational period. 22.3% of the patients used FES for more than 1 year, on average 3.5 years. A combination of FES and botulinum toxin therapies was used as a spasticity treatment of affected upper extremity in almost one third of patients (29.8%). In a group that used FES for more than one year, botulinum toxin therapies were statistically significantly more frequent (P<0.001). Conclusions: Almost one-third of patients included in this study got FES for home use to manage spasticity. More than a half of those who used FES at home for years used combination of botulinum toxin and FES therapies which suggests they felt effectiveness of combined treatment approach.Cilj: Cilj ove pragmatične opservacijske studije bio je utvrditi u koje se svrhe upotrebljava funkcionalna električna stimulacija (FES) u Univerzitetnom institutu za rehabilitaciju Republike Slovenije u Soči (URI-Soča) nakon moždanog udara za dugotrajno liječenje kod kuće i je li se praksa propisivanja mijenjala tijekom vremena u posljednjih deset godina. Metode: U pragmatičnu kohortnu retrospektivnu studiju bila su uključena 373 bolesnika s moždanim udarom koji su provodili stacionarnu rehabilitaciju na Odjelu za rehabilitaciju bolesnika nakon moždanog udara u URI-Soča između siječnja 2010. i prosinca 2019., a koristili su FES kod kuće nakon otpusta. Rezultati: FES je bio najčešće propisivan bolesnicima s lakšim oštećenjem i teškom parezom gornjeg ekstremiteta nakon moždanog udara. Polovina bolesnika koristila je FES na paretičnom gornjem ekstremitetu, 46,9 % na hemiparetičnom gornjem i donjem ekstremitetu i manjina (2,9 %) samo na paretičnom donjem ekstremitetu. Stimulacija gornjih udova prevladavala je gotovo u cijelom razdoblju promatranja. 22,3 % pacijenata koristilo je FES dulje od jedne godine, u prosjeku 3,5 godine. Kombinacija FES-a i terapije botulinskim toksinom korištena je za liječenje spasticiteta zahvaćenog gornjeg ekstremiteta kod gotovo jedne trećine bolesnika (29,8 %). U skupini koja je koristila FES dulje od godinu dana, terapije botulinskim toksinom bile su statistički značajno češće (P < 0,001). Zaključci: Gotovo jedna trećina pacijenata u našoj studiji primila je FES za kućnu upotrebu za liječenje spastičnosti. Više od polovine onih koji su godinama koristili FES kod kuće, koristilo je kombinaciju botulinskog toksina i FES terapije, što sugerira da su osjetili učinkovitost kombiniranog pristupa liječenju

Rehabilitacije bolnikov po prebolelem klopnem meningoencefaloradikulomielitisu

Introduction: Tick-borne meningoencephaloradiculomyelitis is an RNA-viral infection, with severe acute clinical course and possible severe long term activity limitations of patients. Comprehensive rehabilitation is therefore often required. The aim of our study was to assess rehabilitation outcome in these patients. Methods: 15 patients with meningoencephaloradiculomyelitis, aged 56.1 years on average (SD 10.8, range 27-73 years), were included in the study. Activity was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Assessment was performed at admission and at discharge. Ratings of FIM at admission and at discharge were compared using a t-test for paired samples. Correlations between patients’ age, time from disease onset, duration of rehabilitation and the improvement in FIM was assessed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Patients were admitted to our Institute on average 3 months after disease onset (SD 2.2 months, range 1-8 months). The rehabilitation lasted for 59.4 days on average (SD 34.6, range 25-123 days). At admission, moderate activity limitations were present in patients, with average motor FIM score 55.5 (SD 27.5, range 13-89) and no deficits in cognitive FIM. Clinically important improvements in patients’ activities were achieved: motor FIM score improved for 19.4 on average (SD 16.8, range 0-54). The improvement was statistically significant (p<0.001). Moderate and statistically significant correlation was observed between the improvement in patients’ activities and duration of rehabilitation (r= 0.602, p=0.018). Conclusion: Clinically important and statistically significant improvements regarding activities were achieved in tick-borne meningoencephaloradiculomyelitis patients during relatively short inpatient rehabilitation.Uvod: Klopni meningoencefaloradikulomielitis okužba je RNA virusna okužba, z akutnim kliničnim potekom in možnimi posledičnimi dolgotrajnimi omejitvami dejavnosti bolnikov. Ti bolniki zato pogosto potrebujejo celostno rehabilitacijo. Namen naše raziskave je bil oceniti izid njihove rehabilitacije. Metode: V raziskavo smo vključili 15 bolnikov po prebolelem klopnem meningoencefaloradikulomielitisu. Povprečna starost bolnikov je bila 56,1 let (SD 10,8; razpon 27-73 let). Dejavnosti bolnikov smo ob sprejemu in odpustu ocenili z Lestvico funkcijske neodvisnosti (FIM). Za oceno napredka po FIM smo uporabili t-test za parne vzorce. Korelacije med starostjo bolnikov, časa od začetka bolezni, trajanja rehabilitacije in napredka po FIM smo ocenili z Pearsonovim korelacijskim koeficientom. Rezultati: Bolniki so bili na Univerzitetni rehabilitacijski inštitut Republike Slovenije sprejeti v povprečju tri mesece po nastopu bolezni (SD 2,2, razpon 1-8 meseca). Rehabilitacija je v povprečju trajala 59,4 dni (SD 34,6; razpon 25-123 dni). Ob sprejemu so bile pri bolnikih prisotne zmerne omejitve dejavnosti, s povprečno oceno motoričnega FIM 55.5 (SD 27,5; razpon 13-89) in maksimalno oceno kognitivnega FIM. Bolniki so med rehabilitacijo dosegli klinično pomemben napredek; ocena motoričnega FIM se je v povprečju izboljšala za 19,4 (SD 16,8; razpon 0-54). Napredek je bil statistično značilen (p<0,001). Korelacije med napredkom v dejavnostih in trajanjem rehabilitacije so bile srednje in statistično značilne (r= 0,602; p=0,018). Zaključek: Med relativno kratko hospitalno rehabilitacijo so bolniki po prebolelem klopnem meningoencefaloradikulomielitisu dosegli klinično pomembno in statistično značilno izboljšanje dejavnosti

Comparative analysis of the pension system of the Republic of Croatia and the Slovak Republic

Starenje stanovništva povećalo je ekonomske i društvene zahtjeve gospodarstva diljem svijeta. Predviđa se da će do 2050. godine otprilike jedna trećina europskog stanovništva imati 60 ili više godina(WHO, 2002). Kada populacija stari, pitanje od najveće brige je kako osigurati da njihova kvaliteta života ne opadne u usporedbi s onom prethodne generacije. Odluka o odlasku u mirovinu individualna je odluka, ali s obzirom na značajan broj starijih osoba predstavlja realan rizik za postojeće sustave socijalne potpore. Posljednjih godina istraživači, javne institucije i pojedinci postali su zabrinuti zbog održivosti sadašnjih mirovinskih sustava, koji predstavljaju najteži i najtrajniji izazov za razvijene i države u razvoju. To je zbog povećanja očekivanog životnog vijeka zajedno s naglim smanjenjem stope nataliteta, što je dovelo do potrage za novim sustavom koji će jamčiti njihovu održivost u budućnosti. U namjeri stjecanja održivosti mirovinskih sustava, zemlje se pri reformama mirovinskih sustava često ugledaju jedne na drugu ne bili prepoznale primjenjive prakse koje bi doprinijele toj namjeri. Međutim, najprije je potrebno osnovno znanje o teoretskom okviru mirovinskih sustava. Stoga je cilj ovog rada dati pregled teorije o mirovinskim sustavima te prikazati komparacijsku analizu istih na primjeru Hrvatske i Slovačke.Population aging has increased the economic and social demands on economies around the world. It is predicted that by 2050, approximately one third of the European population will be 60 or older (WHO, 2002). As the population ages, the question of greatest concern is how to ensure that their quality of life does not decline compared to that of the previous generation. The decision to retire is an individual decision, but given the significant number of elderly people, it represents a real risk for existing social support systems. In recent years, researchers, public institutions and individuals have become concerned about the sustainability of current pension systems, which represent the most difficult and permanent challenge for developed and developing countries. This is due to an increase in life expectancy together with a sharp decrease in the birth rate, which has led to the search for a new system that will guarantee their sustainability in the future. In order to achieve the sustainability of pension systems, countries often look to each other when reforming their pension systems without recognizing the applicable practices that would contribute to that intention. However, first you need a basic knowledge of the theoretical framework of pension systems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the theory of pension systems and to present a comparative analysis of them using the example of Croatia and Slovakia

Comparative analysis of the pension system of the Republic of Croatia and the Slovak Republic

Starenje stanovništva povećalo je ekonomske i društvene zahtjeve gospodarstva diljem svijeta. Predviđa se da će do 2050. godine otprilike jedna trećina europskog stanovništva imati 60 ili više godina(WHO, 2002). Kada populacija stari, pitanje od najveće brige je kako osigurati da njihova kvaliteta života ne opadne u usporedbi s onom prethodne generacije. Odluka o odlasku u mirovinu individualna je odluka, ali s obzirom na značajan broj starijih osoba predstavlja realan rizik za postojeće sustave socijalne potpore. Posljednjih godina istraživači, javne institucije i pojedinci postali su zabrinuti zbog održivosti sadašnjih mirovinskih sustava, koji predstavljaju najteži i najtrajniji izazov za razvijene i države u razvoju. To je zbog povećanja očekivanog životnog vijeka zajedno s naglim smanjenjem stope nataliteta, što je dovelo do potrage za novim sustavom koji će jamčiti njihovu održivost u budućnosti. U namjeri stjecanja održivosti mirovinskih sustava, zemlje se pri reformama mirovinskih sustava često ugledaju jedne na drugu ne bili prepoznale primjenjive prakse koje bi doprinijele toj namjeri. Međutim, najprije je potrebno osnovno znanje o teoretskom okviru mirovinskih sustava. Stoga je cilj ovog rada dati pregled teorije o mirovinskim sustavima te prikazati komparacijsku analizu istih na primjeru Hrvatske i Slovačke.Population aging has increased the economic and social demands on economies around the world. It is predicted that by 2050, approximately one third of the European population will be 60 or older (WHO, 2002). As the population ages, the question of greatest concern is how to ensure that their quality of life does not decline compared to that of the previous generation. The decision to retire is an individual decision, but given the significant number of elderly people, it represents a real risk for existing social support systems. In recent years, researchers, public institutions and individuals have become concerned about the sustainability of current pension systems, which represent the most difficult and permanent challenge for developed and developing countries. This is due to an increase in life expectancy together with a sharp decrease in the birth rate, which has led to the search for a new system that will guarantee their sustainability in the future. In order to achieve the sustainability of pension systems, countries often look to each other when reforming their pension systems without recognizing the applicable practices that would contribute to that intention. However, first you need a basic knowledge of the theoretical framework of pension systems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the theory of pension systems and to present a comparative analysis of them using the example of Croatia and Slovakia

Topics on teaching the impact of humans on nature and the environment in the journal The American Biology Teacher from 2010 to 2021

The human impact on nature and the environment is a learning topic that appears in Slovenian primary schools in natural science, biology, and the optional subject of environmental education. The main purpose of this topic is environmental awareness and the development of students' environmental literacy, with which we can achieve environmental sustainability. As with any learning topic, there are both general and specific problems in teaching this topic. We have described them in detail in the theoretical part, and we have also added appropriate solutions, suggestions and ways of working that can eliminate these problems. Because teachers must be adequately familiar with each learning topic before teaching, we analyzed three curricula and three textbooks for biology in which the topic of human impact on nature and the environment is also represented. Examples of good practice can also be a great help for teachers in teaching, so in our master's thesis we analyzed 47 articles from the online magazine The American Biology Teacher from 2010 to 2021, which were related to the mentioned topic and represent the main part of this paper. First, we reviewed the articles and analyzed them in a table based on the following contents: article title, author, country of the author, year of publication, number of pages, number of cited sources, type of article, level of education, structure of the article, topic of the article, feasibility in Slovenia and why it is not (fully) feasible in Slovenia. To make it easier to visualize, we also presented the findings of certain content items graphically. We also analyzed the content of each article, divided them into certain topics and described the essential content that can help teachers in teaching. Finally, we divided the articles into 10 different topics, which relate to the human impact on nature and the environment. Certain articles are suitable for a specific level of education, but some can be adapted for all levels of education. The main purpose of the master's thesis was the analysis of articles from the online magazine The American Biology Teacher, which present examples of good practice and enable teachers to enrich lesson and eliminate problems in teaching about the human impact on nature and the environment. Examples of good practice enable more outdoor teaching and can thus represent a positive interaction between students and the environment and nature

Comparative analysis of the pension system of the Republic of Croatia and the Slovak Republic

Starenje stanovništva povećalo je ekonomske i društvene zahtjeve gospodarstva diljem svijeta. Predviđa se da će do 2050. godine otprilike jedna trećina europskog stanovništva imati 60 ili više godina(WHO, 2002). Kada populacija stari, pitanje od najveće brige je kako osigurati da njihova kvaliteta života ne opadne u usporedbi s onom prethodne generacije. Odluka o odlasku u mirovinu individualna je odluka, ali s obzirom na značajan broj starijih osoba predstavlja realan rizik za postojeće sustave socijalne potpore. Posljednjih godina istraživači, javne institucije i pojedinci postali su zabrinuti zbog održivosti sadašnjih mirovinskih sustava, koji predstavljaju najteži i najtrajniji izazov za razvijene i države u razvoju. To je zbog povećanja očekivanog životnog vijeka zajedno s naglim smanjenjem stope nataliteta, što je dovelo do potrage za novim sustavom koji će jamčiti njihovu održivost u budućnosti. U namjeri stjecanja održivosti mirovinskih sustava, zemlje se pri reformama mirovinskih sustava često ugledaju jedne na drugu ne bili prepoznale primjenjive prakse koje bi doprinijele toj namjeri. Međutim, najprije je potrebno osnovno znanje o teoretskom okviru mirovinskih sustava. Stoga je cilj ovog rada dati pregled teorije o mirovinskim sustavima te prikazati komparacijsku analizu istih na primjeru Hrvatske i Slovačke.Population aging has increased the economic and social demands on economies around the world. It is predicted that by 2050, approximately one third of the European population will be 60 or older (WHO, 2002). As the population ages, the question of greatest concern is how to ensure that their quality of life does not decline compared to that of the previous generation. The decision to retire is an individual decision, but given the significant number of elderly people, it represents a real risk for existing social support systems. In recent years, researchers, public institutions and individuals have become concerned about the sustainability of current pension systems, which represent the most difficult and permanent challenge for developed and developing countries. This is due to an increase in life expectancy together with a sharp decrease in the birth rate, which has led to the search for a new system that will guarantee their sustainability in the future. In order to achieve the sustainability of pension systems, countries often look to each other when reforming their pension systems without recognizing the applicable practices that would contribute to that intention. However, first you need a basic knowledge of the theoretical framework of pension systems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the theory of pension systems and to present a comparative analysis of them using the example of Croatia and Slovakia

Topics on teaching the impact of humans on nature and the environment in the journal The American Biology Teacher from 2010 to 2021

Vpliv človeka na naravo in okolje je učna tema v slovenskih osnovnih šolah pri naravoslovju, biologiji in izbirnemu predmetu okoljska vzgoja. Glavni namen te teme je okoljsko ozaveščanje in razvoj okoljske pismenosti učencev, s čimer bi lahko dosegli trajnostni razvoj. Tako kot pri vsaki učni temi, se tudi pri poučevanju te pojavljajo tako splošne kot tudi specifične težave. Te smo podrobno opisali v teoretičnem delu, dodali pa smo tudi ustrezne rešitve, predloge in načine dela, ki lahko te težave odpravijo. Ker morajo biti učitelji pred poučevanjem ustrezno seznanjeni s posamezno učno temo, smo v ta namen analizirali tri učne načrte in tri učbenike za biologijo, v katerih je učna tema o vplivu človeka na naravo in okolje tudi zastopana. Učiteljem so v veliko pomoč pri poučevanju lahko tudi primeri dobre prakse, zato smo v magistrski nalogi analizirali 47 člankov iz spletne revije The American Biology Teacher od leta 2010 do 2021, ki so se navezovali na omenjeno temo in predstavljajo glavni del te naloge. Najprej smo članke pregledali in podatke zbrali v tabeli na podlagi naslednjih vsebinskih postavk: naslov članka, avtor, država avtorja, leto objave, število strani, število navedenih virov, vrsta prispevka, raven izobraževanja, struktura prispevka, tema članka, izvedljivost v Sloveniji ter zakaj nekaj ni (povsem) izvedljivo v Sloveniji. Za lažjo predstavo smo ugotovitve določenih vsebinskih postavk predstavili tudi grafično. Vse članke smo nato tudi vsebinsko analizirali, jih razdelili v določene sklope in opisali bistveno vsebino, ki lahko učiteljem pomaga pri poučevanju. Na koncu smo članke razdelili v 10 različnih tematskih sklopov, ki se nanašajo na učno temo o vplivu človeka na naravo in okolje. Določeni članki so primerni za specifično raven izobraževanja, nekatere pa lahko prilagajamo za različne ravni izobraževanja. Glavni namen magistrske naloge je bil torej analiza člankov s spletne revije The American Biology Teacher, ki predstavljajo primere dobre prakse in učiteljem omogočajo kakovostnejši pouk in odpravljanje težav pri poučevanju o vplivu človeka na naravo in okolje. Primeri dobre prakse omogočajo več poučevanja na prostem, in tako se lahko razvije pozitivna interakcija med učenci in okoljem ter naravo.The human impact on nature and the environment is a learning topic that appears in Slovenian primary schools in natural science, biology, and the optional subject of environmental education. The main purpose of this topic is environmental awareness and the development of students\u27 environmental literacy, with which we can achieve environmental sustainability. As with any learning topic, there are both general and specific problems in teaching this topic. We have described them in detail in the theoretical part, and we have also added appropriate solutions, suggestions and ways of working that can eliminate these problems. Because teachers must be adequately familiar with each learning topic before teaching, we analyzed three curricula and three textbooks for biology in which the topic of human impact on nature and the environment is also represented. Examples of good practice can also be a great help for teachers in teaching, so in our master\u27s thesis we analyzed 47 articles from the online magazine The American Biology Teacher from 2010 to 2021, which were related to the mentioned topic and represent the main part of this paper. First, we reviewed the articles and analyzed them in a table based on the following contents: article title, author, country of the author, year of publication, number of pages, number of cited sources, type of article, level of education, structure of the article, topic of the article, feasibility in Slovenia and why it is not (fully) feasible in Slovenia. To make it easier to visualize, we also presented the findings of certain content items graphically. We also analyzed the content of each article, divided them into certain topics and described the essential content that can help teachers in teaching. Finally, we divided the articles into 10 different topics, which relate to the human impact on nature and the environment. Certain articles are suitable for a specific level of education, but some can be adapted for all levels of education. The main purpose of the master\u27s thesis was the analysis of articles from the online magazine The American Biology Teacher, which present examples of good practice and enable teachers to enrich lesson and eliminate problems in teaching about the human impact on nature and the environment. Examples of good practice enable more outdoor teaching and can thus represent a positive interaction between students and the environment and nature