Fórmulas enterais no mercado brasileiro: classificação e descrição da composição nutricional

Introduction: Several enteral formulations are available with different presentations and indications. Aim: To describe the basic characteristics of enteral formulations available in the Brazilian market. Material and Methods: The compilation of information comprised by different catalogues from pharmaceutical labs was performed. According to their characteristics, the products were classified in standard formulation with or without fiber and modified formulations, such as those specific for diabetics, patients with renal, hepatic and respiratory insufficiency, and semi-hydrolised and imunomodulatory formulations. Results and Discussion: Eighty enteral formulations are available in the Brazilian market and are commercialized by 6 different laboratories. The diets are presented in power, liquid in tetrapack or pack, with a relative uniformity in macronutrient distribution and a large variation in micronutrient composition. Forty-two standard formulations were found, from which 25 are fiber-free and 17 have fiber. Six formulations for renal insufficiency, 8 containing immunonutrients, 4 specific for respiratory insufficiency and 4 for liver insufficiency patients were identified. Conclusion: The Brazilian market has a great variety of standard and modified enteral formulations. The evaluation of the composition of enteral formulations available in the national market allows the professional to choose the best one for each clinical situation. Introdução: No mercado brasileiro estão disponíveis inúmeras formulações de dietas enterais, com diferentes formas de apresentações e indicações. Objetivo: descrever as características básicas das formulações enterais disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado o tabulamento de informações contidas nos catálogos dos diferentes laboratórios farmacêuticos. De acordo com as suas características, os produtos foram classificadas em fórmulas padrão com ou sem fibras e fórmulas modificadas, específicas para pacientes diabéticos, para aqueles com insuficiência renal, hepática ou respiratória, além de fórmulas semi-hidrolisadas e imunomoduladoras. Resultados e discussão: Estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro 80 fórmulas enterais comercializadas por 6 diferentes laboratórios. As dietas têm apresentações em pó ou líquida em pack (embalagem hermeticamente fechada com 6 camadas protetoras, garantindo as condições estéreis do produto) com relativa uniformidade na distribuição de macronutrientes e grande variação na composição de micronutrientes. Foram encontradas 42 fórmulas padrão, sendo 25 sem fibras e 17 com fibras. Dentre as fórmulas modificadas, foram identificadas 7 específicas para pacientes diabéticos, 6 para insuficiência renal, 9 semi-hidrolisadas, 8 fórmulas contendo imunonutrientes, 4 produtos específicos para insuficiência pulmonar e 4 para insuficiência hepática. Conclusão: O mercado brasileiro tem uma grande variedade de fórmulas enterais padrão e modificadas. A avaliação da composição das fórmulas enterais disponíveis no mercado nacional permite uma melhor seleção pelo profissional para cada situação clínica

Minichromosome maintenance 2 and 5 expressions are increased in the epithelium of hereditary gingival fibromatosis associated with dental abnormalities

INTRODUCTION: Gingiva fibromatosis is a relatively rare condition characterized by diffuse enlargement of the gingiva, which is caused by expansion and accumulation of the connective tissue. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate proliferative and apoptotic biomarker expression in normal gingiva and two forms of gingival fibromatosis. METHODS: Archived tissue specimens of hereditary gingival fibromatosis, gingival fibromatosis and dental abnormality syndrome and normal gingiva were subject to morphological analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Proteins associated with proliferation were found in the nuclei of epithelial cells from the basal and suprabasal layers, whereas apoptotic proteins were detected in the cytoplasm of the upper layers of the epithelium. Increased expressions of minichromosome maintenance proteins 2 and 5 were observed in the gingival fibromatosis and dental abnormality syndrome samples. In contrast, geminin expression was higher in normal gingiva samples. No difference in the expression of apoptotic proteins was observed among the groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings support a role for augmented proliferation of epithelial cells within the overgrown tissues associated with gingival fibromatosis or dental abnormality syndrome. However, our data suggest that different biological mechanisms may account for the pathogenesis of different types of gingival fibromatosis

Hoxa10 controls proliferation, migration and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Although HOX genes are best known for acting in the regulation of important events during embryogenesis, including proliferation, differentiation and migration, alterations in their expression patterns have been frequently described in cancers. In previous studies we analyzed the expression profile of the members of the HOX family of homeobox genes in oral samples of normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and identified differently expressed genes such as HOXA10. The present study aimed to validate the increased expression of HOXA10 in OSCCs, and to investigate the effects arising from its knockdown in OSCC cells. The levels of HOXA10 mRNA were determined in human OSCC samples and cell lines by quantitative PCR, and HOXA10- mediated effects on proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion were studied in HSC-3 tongue carcinoma cells by using retrovirus-mediated RNA interference. Higher expression of HOXA10 mRNA was observed in OSCC cell lines and in tumor tissues compared to normal controls. HOXA10 knockdown significantly reduced the proliferation of the tumor cells which was accompanied by increased levels of p21. HOXA10 silencing also significantly induced the expression of EMT markers and enhanced the adhesion, migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells. No effects on cell death were observed after HOXA10 knockdown. The results of the current study confirm the overexpression of HOXA10 in OSCCs, and further demonstrate that its expression is functionally associated with several important biological processes related to oral tumorigenesis, such as proliferation, migration and invasion.Although HOX genes are best known for acting in the regulation of important events during embryogenesis, including proliferation, differentiation and migration, alterations in their expression patterns have been frequently described in cancers. In previou8436133623FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)sem informaçãosem informaçãoAlthough HOX genes are best known for acting in the regulation of important events during embryogenesis, including proliferation, differentiation and migration, alterations in their expression patterns have been frequently described in cancers. In previo

MicroRNA and protein profiles in invasive versus non-invasive oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro

Complex molecular pathways regulate cancer invasion. This study overviewed proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) invasion. The human highly aggressive OTSCC cell line HSC-3 was examined in a 3D organotypic human leiomyoma model. Non-invasive and invasive cells were laser-captured and protein expression was analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and miRNA expression by microarray. In functional studies the 3D invasion assay was replicated after silencing candidate miRNAs, miR-498 and miR-940, in invasive OTSCC cell lines (HSC-3 and SCC-15). Cell migration, proliferation and viability were also studied in the silenced cells. In HSC-3 cells, 67 proteins and 53 miRNAs showed significant fold-changes between non-invasive vs. invasive cells. Pathway enrichment analyses allocated "Focal adhesion" and "ECM-receptor interaction" as most important for invasion. Significantly, in HSC-3 cells, miR-498 silencing decreased the invasion area and miR-940 silencing reduced invasion area and depth. Viability, proliferation and migration weren't significantly affected. In SCC-15 cells, down-regulation of miR-498 significantly reduced invasion and migration. This study shows HSC-3 specific miRNA and protein expression in invasion, and suggests that miR-498 and miR-940 affect invasion in vitro, the process being more influenced by mir-940 silencing in aggressive HSC-3 cells than in the less invasive SCC-15.Peer reviewe

Interleukin-17 plays a role in dental pulp inflammation mediated by zoledronic acid: a mechanism unrelated to the Th17 immune response?

Objective: To evaluate the influence of RORγT inhibition by digoxin on inflammatory changes related to interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the pulp of rats treated with zoledronate (ZOL). Methodology: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into a negative control group (NCG) treated with saline solution, a positive control group (PCG) treated with ZOL (0.20 mg/kg), and three groups treated with ZOL and co-treated with digoxin 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg (DG1, 2, and 4). After four intravenous administrations of ZOL or saline solution in a 70-day protocol, the right molars were evaluated by histomorphometry (number of blood vessels, blood vessels/µm2, cells/µm2, total blood vessel area, and average blood vessel area) and immunohistochemistry (IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β). The Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn test was used for statistical analysis. Results: PCG showed an increase in total blood vessel area (p=0.008) and average blood vessel area (p=0.014), and digoxin treatment reversed these changes. DG4 showed a reduction in blood vessels/µm2 (p<0.001). In PCG odontoblasts, there was an increase in IL-17 (p=0.002) and TNF-α (p=0.002) immunostaining, and in DG4, these changes were reversed. Odontoblasts in the digoxin-treated groups also showed an increase in IL-6 immunostaining (p<0.001) and a reduction in TGF-β immunostaining (p=0.002), and all ZOL-treated groups showed an increase in IL-17 (p=0.011) and TNF-α (p=0.017) in non-odontoblasts cells. Conclusion: ZOL induces TNF-α- and IL-17-dependent vasodilation and ectasia, and the classical Th17 response activation pathway does not seem to participate in this process

HOXA1 is overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinomas and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>HOX genes encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation during embryogenesis. However, members of this family demonstrated oncogenic properties in some malignancies. The present study investigated whether genes of the HOXA cluster play a role in oral cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In order to identify differentially expressed HOXA genes, duplex RT-PCR in oral samples from healthy mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma was used. The effects of HOXA1 on proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and anchorage-independent growth were assessed in cells with up- and down-regulation of HOXA1. Immunohistochemical analysis using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 127 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) was performed to determine the prognostic role of HOXA1 expression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We showed that transcripts of HOXA genes are more abundant in OSCC than in healthy oral mucosa. In particular, HOXA1, which has been described as one of the HOX members that plays an important role in tumorigenesis, was significantly more expressed in OSCCs compared to healthy oral mucosas. Further analysis demonstrated that overexpression of HOXA1 in HaCAT human epithelial cells promotes proliferation, whereas downregulation of HOXA1 in human OSCC cells (SCC9 cells) decreases it. Enforced HOXA1 expression in HaCAT cells was not capable of modulating other events related to tumorigenesis, including apoptosis, adhesion, invasion, EMT and anchorage-independent growth. A high number of HOXA1-positive cells was significantly associated with T stage, N stage, tumor differentiation and proliferative potential of the tumors, and was predictive of poor survival. In multivariate analysis, HOXA1 was an independent prognostic factor for OSCC patients (HR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.59-2.97; p = 0.026).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our findings indicate that HOXA1 may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by increasing tumor cell proliferation, and suggest that HOXA1 expression might be helpful as a prognostic marker for patients with OSCC.</p

Anti-Heparanase Aptamers as Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents for Oral Cancer

Peer reviewe

Analysis of the participation of homeobox genes HOXA1 and HOXB7 in oral squamous cell carcinomas

Orientador: Ricardo Della ColettaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Os membros da família HOX de genes homeobox são classicamente conhecidos por regular a proliferação e a diferenciação celular durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Contudo, inúmeros estudos demonstraram uma expressão alterada de alguns membros desta família em neoplasias, incluindo melanomas, leucemias e cânceres de cólon, pulmão, rim e próstata. Estudos em nosso laboratório caracterizaram o perfil de expressão dos 39 genes da família HOX em amostras orais de tecido normal e carcinoma espinocelular (CEC), identificando alguns genes diferencialmente expressos. Dentre estes genes estavam HOXA1 e HOXB7. Interessantemente, as expressões aberrantes de HOXA1 e/ou HOXB7 em neoplasias malignas foram relacionadas a um controle da proliferação, desdiferenciação, invasão e efetividade no reparo do DNA. Os objetivos deste estudo foram compreender os efeitos da superexpressão e da neutralização dos genes HOXA1 e HOXB7 na modulação dos principais eventos biológicos associados aos fenótipos tumorais e determinar o valor prognóstico da expressão destes genes para pacientes afetados por CEC oral. Para alcançar estes objetivos, construímos clones da linhagem celular de queratinócitos normais HaCAT superexpressando os genes HOXA1 (HaCAT-HOXA1) ou HOXB7 (HaCAT-HOXB7), inibimos a expressão endógena destes genes na linhagem de CEC oral SCC-9 por meio da técnica de RNA de interferência e realizamos análise imunohistoquímica em 132 amostras de CEC oral para correlacionar às positividades de HOXA1 e HOXB7 com as características clínico-patológicas dos tumores. Nossos resultados revelaram que as superexpressões de HOXA1 e HOXB7 significantemente promoveram a proliferação das células HaCAT, enquanto que a inibição destes genes nas células SCC-9 resultou em uma dramática inibição da proliferação. As superexpressões de HOXA1 e HOXB7 não foram capazes de modular as taxas de apoptose, adesão e invasão, a expressão de marcadores da transição epitéliomesênquima (TEM) e não promoveu crescimento independente de ancoragem (softagar). Tumores classificados com expressão elevada de HOXA1 demonstraram estádio clínico T e N mais avançados, menor diferenciação das células neoplásicas e elevado potencial proliferativo. Pacientes apresentando tumores com elevada positividade para HOXA1 demonstraram uma sobrevida de 5 anos significantemente menor que pacientes com tumores demonstrando baixa positividade para HOXA1 (p=0,026). A expressão imuno-histoquímica de HOXB7 correlacionou significantemente com consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, estádio clínico N, infiltração vascular e potencial proliferativo dos tumores. Expressão elevada de HOXB7 foi também significantemente correlacionada com menor sobrevida global (p=0,009) e uma tendência para menor sobrevida livre de doença foi observada para pacientes com tumores classificados com forte expressão de HOXB7 (p=0,083). Uma positiva correlação entre as expressões de HOXA1 e HOXB7 foi evidenciada (rs=0,25 e p=0,008). Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que as superexpressões dos genes HOXA1 e HOXB7 podem contribuir para a progressão tumoral por promoverem a proliferação das células tumorais e indicam que HOXA1 e HOXB7 podem ser determinantes importantes do prognóstico de pacientes com CEC oralAbstract: HOX genes are master regulators of cellular proliferation and differentiation during embryogenesis. However, some members of the HOX family have been shown to be dysregulated in malignancies, including melanomas, leukemias and cancers of colon, lung, kidney and prostate. In previous studies we have described the expression profile of all 39 HOX genes in oral samples from normal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), identifying some differentially expressed. Among those were HOXA1 and HOXB7. The aberrant expression of both genes has been related with the rgulation of proliferation, differentiation and invasion, and with the control of the DNA repair effectiveness. The goals of this study were to verify the role of HOXA1 and HOXB7 on modulation of tumor-associated phenotypes and to determine whether their expressions are associated with clinicopathological features of the tumors. To achieve our goals, we generated clones from HaCAT human epithelial cell line overexpressing HOXA1 (HaCAT-HOXA1) or HOXB7 (HaCAT-HOXB7), inhibited the endogenous levels of these genes in the SCC-9 human oral carcinoma cell line by interference RNA (iRNA), and performed immunohistochemical analysis in 132 oral SCC samples. Our results demonstrated that both HOXA1 and HOXB7 overexpression in HaCAT cells promote proliferation, whereas downregulation of HOXA1 and HOXB7 endogenous levels in SCC-9 cells decreases it. HOXA1 and HOXB7 overexpression did not influence apoptosis, cellular adhesion and invasion, expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and also did not promote anchorage-independent growth (softagar). High number of HOXA1-positive cells significantly correlated with T and N stage, tumor cellular differentiation and proliferative potential of the tumors. Patients whose tumors contained high number of HOXA1-positive cells had shorter overall survival in 5 years than patients with low positivity of this protein (p=0.026). The immunohistochemical expression of HOXB7 was significantly correlated to alcohol consumption, clinical N stage, vascular infiltration and tumor proliferative potential. High expression of HOXB7 was also significantly correlated to shorter overall survival (p=0.009), and a tendency towards shorter disease-free survival was observed in patients with tumors containing elevate HOXB7 expression (p=0.083). A positive correlation between HOXA1 and HOXB7 immunohistochemical expression was observed (rs=0.25, p<0.008). In conclusion, our results suggest that overexpression of HOXA1 and HOXB7 can contribute to tumor progression by increasing tumor cell proliferation and indicate that both HOXA1 and HOXB7 may be important determinants of OSCC patient's prognosisDoutoradoPatologiaDoutor em Estomatopatologi

Presença de miofibroblastos na fibromatose gengival hereditária é heterogênea e pode contribuir para as variações em seus mecanismos biológicos

A fibromatose gengival hereditária (FGH) é uma alteração benigna na qual ocorre o crescimento lento, indolor, nâo hemorrágico e fibroso do tecido gengival maxilar e mandibular. Os fibroblastos de FGH caracterizam-se por produção aumentada de colágeno e do fator de crescimento transformante-p1 (TGF-01), o que resulta no aumento fibrótico na gengiva dos pacientes afetados. Em fibroses intersticiais, a presença de miofibroblastos, que são células conhecidas como principais produtoras de matriz extracelular, é exacerbada. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a presença e papel dos miofibroblastos na FGH. Fragmentos de tecido gengival e linhagens celulares de fibroblastos de duas famílias com FGH foram utilizados neste estudo, além de amostras de tecido e culturas primárias de gengiva normal (GN), usadas como controle. Para determinar a presença de miofibroblastos, analisamos a expressão do marcador específico para estas células, a isoforma a da actina de músculo liso (a-SMA). A expressão de cc-SMA foi avaliada por RT-PCR (transcriptase reversa-reação em cadeia da polimerase), Western-blot, imunofluorescência e citometria de fluxo. A técnica de imunohistoquímica foi utilizada para determinar a expressão de a-SMA em tecidos gengivais de pacientes com GN e FGH.Os resultados mostraram uma expressão significativa de a-SMA nas células de uma das famílias de FGH deste estudo, sendo esta família designada como Família FGH2. Esta família também apresentou marcada expressão de TGF-pi, CTGF (fator de crescimento de tecido conjuntivo) e colágeno tipo 1. Além disso, nas amostras teciduais submetidas a análise imunohistoquímica, esta família apresentou células com ampla marcação