The Bravest of the Brave : A Conversation with Mary Bitterman and James Narduzzi

Mary Bitterman, former President and CEO of The James Irvine Foundation, is President of The Bernard Osher Foundation and Immediate Past Chairman of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). James Narduzzi is Dean of the University of Richmond\u27s School of Continuing Studies. The following discussion is based on Dr. Bitterman\u27s 2008 commencement address to graduates of the University of Richmond\u27s School of Continuing Studies

Seasonality of foliar respiration in two dominant plant species from the Arctic tundra: Response to long-term warming and short-term temperature variability

Direct measurements of foliar carbon exchange through the growing season in Arctic species are limited, despite the need for accurate estimates of photosynthesis and respiration to characterise carbon cycling in the tundra. We examined seasonal variatio

Teacher perceptions of the impact of professional learning

The purpose of this study was to examine teacher perceptions of professional learning communities in three middle schools. This research examined the perceived impact of professional learning communities on teaching and on student learning. One question guided this research. "What are the teachers' perceptions of seventh grade learning communities' impact on teaching and on student learning in science?" This study used a multiple methods design to examine evidence about relationships among professional learning communities and teaching and student learning. A survey modified from an earlier research study was used (Bolam, McMahon, Stoll, & Thomas 2005). This survey was administered to the teachers who are part of seventh grade science learning communities from each of three participating middle schools. The results from this survey were used to describe teacher perceptions about the use of learning communities within each school. A purposeful sample of candidates was then selected for interviews. Through the use of the two data sources, surveys (see Appendix A) and interviews (see Appendix B), the researcher found four common themes that support the idea of a professional learning community and the effects teachers perceived as contributing to successful teaching and learning. The four themes that emerged included the importance of learning trends, organizational support for a learning community, enquiry orientation, and the need for provision of planning and development. (Published By University of Alabama Libraries

Scaling of the corpus callosum in wild and domestic canids: Insights into the domesticated brain.

All domesticated mammals exhibit marked reductions in overall brain size, however, it is unknown whether the corpus callosum, an integral white matter fiber pathway for interhemispheric cortical communication, is affected by domestication differentially or strictly in coordination with changes in brain size. To answer this question, we used quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to compare the mid‐sagittal cross‐sectional areas of the corpus callosum in 35 carnivore species, including eight wild canids and 13 domestic dogs. We segmented rostro‐caudal regions of interest for the corpus callosum and evaluated correlations with brain mass. The results of this study indicate that under the influence of domestication in canids, the corpus callosum scales to brain size in an allometric relationship that is similar to that of wild canids and other carnivores, with relatively high correlation coefficients observed for all regions, except the rostrum. These results indicate that architectural and energetic considerations are likely to tightly constrain variation in caudal components of the corpus callosum relative to overall brain size, however fibers passing through the rostrum, putatively connecting prefrontal cortex, are less constrained and therefore may contribute more towards species‐specific differences in connectivity. Given the species diversity of the Canidae and the resurgence of interest in the brain of the domestic dog, further studies aimed at characterizing the neural architecture in domesticated species is likely to provide new insights into the effects of domestication, or artificial selection, on the brain

PDE4 Inhibitors Attenuate Fibroblast Chemotaxis and Contraction of Native Collagen Gels

Therapies that mitigate the fibrotic process may be able to slow progressive loss of function in many lung diseases. Because cyclic adenosine monophosphate is known to regulate fibroblasts, the current study was designed to evaluate the activity of selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on two in vitro fibroblast responses: chemotaxis and contraction of three-dimensional collagen gels. Selective PDE4 inhibitors, rolipram and cilomilast, each inhibited the chemotaxis of human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) toward fibronectin in the blindwell assay system (control: 100% versus cilomilast [10 μ M]: 40.5 ± 7.3% versus rolipram: [10 μ M] 32.1 ± 2.7% cells/5 high-power fields; P < 0.05, both comparisons). These PDE4 inhibitors also inhibited contraction of three-dimensional collagen gels (control: 100% versus cilomilast: 167.7 ± 6.9% versus rolipram: 129.9 ± 1.9% of initial size; P < 0.05, both comparisons). Amrinone, a PDE3 inhibitor, and zaprinast, a PDE5 inhibitor, had no effect in either system. Prost..

Natural History of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Two Subjects With the Same Telomerase Mutation

Previous studies have identified subclinical lung disease in family members of probands with familial pulmonary fibrosis, but the natural history of preclinical pulmonary fibrosis is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether individuals with preclinical lung disease will develop pulmonary fibrosis. After a 27-year interval, two subjects with manifestations of preclinical familial pulmonary fibrosis, including asymptomatic alveolar inflammation and alveolar macrophage activation, were reevaluated for lung disease. CT scans of the chest, pulmonary function tests, and BAL were performed, and genomic DNA was analyzed for mutations in candidate genes associated with familial pulmonary fibrosis. One subject developed symptomatic familial pulmonary fibrosis and was treated with oxygen; her sister remained asymptomatic but had findings of pulmonary fibrosis on high-resolution CT scan of the chest. High concentrations of lymphocytes were found in BAL fluid from both subjects. Genetic sequencing and analyses identified a novel heterozygous mutation in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT, R1084P), resulting in telomerase dysfunction and short telomeres in both subjects. In familial pulmonary fibrosis, asymptomatic preclinical alveolar inflammation associated with mutation in TERT and telomerase insufficiency can progress to fibrotic lung disease over 2 to 3 decades

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