On Prism Cross-Dispersers -- Modelling \'Echelle Spectrograms

In this paper, we elaborate on correctly predicting \'Echelle spectrograms by employing the fully three-dimensional representation of Snell's law to model the effects of prisms as cross-dispersers in \'Echelle spectrographs. We find that it is not sufficient to simply apply the frequently used trigonometric prism dispersion equation to describe recorded spectra. This vector equation approach is not limited to a single dispersive element when modelling multi-prism cross-disperser configurations. Our results help to understand the main levers in an \'Echelle spectrograph as well as contribute to auto-calibration algorithms for minimizing calibration efforts in daily operation.Comment: Prism, Echelle, Cross-Disperser, Snell's law, Sellmeier, QtYET

Diaphragm in the role of oesophageal sphincter and the possibility of treating reflux oesophageal disease by physiotherapeutic procedures

Title : Diaphragm in the role of oesophageal sphincter and the possibility of treating reflux oesophageal disease by physiotherapeutic procedures Background: The diaphragm, its bloody part, is considered by many authors to be part of the antireflux barrier. However, many are not aware of its reactivity in this area, its maximum strength, and how posture is manifested in the activity of this part of the diaphragm. This work is devoted to the diaphragm topic in the role of the lower esophageal sphincter and we want to point out the potential impact of the diaphragm on the competence of this esophageal sphincter in patients with reflux oesophageal disease and to reveal the possibilities how physiotherapy can help in the treatment of this part of skeletal muscle so as to improve the function of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). We also want to point out the postural function of the diaphragm by means of an intrauterine measurement, thus verifying its stabilization function for the axial system and verifying some maneuvers and techniques commonly used in the physiotherapist's clinical practice, but not objectively. The thickness of the diaphragm itself is then partially measurable by means of special spirometry, so-called occlusion pressures. Method : The group of probands included a total of 62...Východisko : Abstrakt Bránice, její krurální část, je mnohými autory považována za součást antirefluxní bariéry . Mnoho se ale neví o její reaktibilitě v této oblasti, její maximální síle a o tom jak se projevuje postura do aktivity této části bránice. Tato práce je věnována tématu bránice v roli dolního jícnového svěrače a chceme poukázat na možnosti funkčního dopadu bránice na kompetenci tohoto jícnového svěrače u pacientů s refluxní chorobou jícnu a poodhalit možnosti jak může fyzioterapie pomoci v léčbě této části kosterní svaloviny, tak aby se zlepšila funkce dolního jícnového svěrače (dále LES). Dále chceme pomocí nitrojícnového měření poukázat na posturální funkci bránice a verifikovat tak její stabilizační funkci pro axiální systém i verifikovat některé manévry a techniky běžně využívané v klinické praxi fyzioterapeuta, ale málo objektivizované. Samotná síla bránice je pak částečně měřitelná pomocí speciální spirometrie , tzv. okluzních tlaků. Metoda : Skupina probandů obsahovala celkem 62 pacientů ve věkovém rozmezí 20 - 77 let, z toho bylo 39 žen a 48 mužů. BMI 26,2. Všichni pacienti měli klinicky verifikovanou gastroezofageální refluxní nemoc (GERD). Vyšetření byli na III chirurgické klinice FN Motol (jícnové poradna) a na I. Interní klinice FN Motol. Pacienti byli podrobeni funkčnímu jícnovému...Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta tělesné výchovy a sportuFakulta tělesné výchovy a sportuFaculty of Physical Education and Spor

Solar cell process development in the european integrated project crystalclear

CrystalClear is a large integrated project funded by the European Commission that aims to drastically reduce the cost of crystalline Si PV modules, down to 1 Euro/Wp. Among the different subprojects, the one dealing with the development of advanced solar cells is relatively large (with 11 partners out of the 15 Crystal Clear partners taking part) and has a crucial role. The goal of the subproject is to develop cell design concepts and manufacturing processes that would enable a reduction in the order of 40% of the cell processing costs per Wp. In this paper, we give an overview of all the development work that has taken place in the CrystalClear solar cells subproject so far. World class results have been achieved, particularly on high efficiency cells on Si ribbons, and on industrial-type solar cells on very thin (120 (j.m thick) substrates

InAs thermophotovoltaic cells with high quantum efficiency for waste heat recovery applications below 1000 degrees C

InAs thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells with external quantum efficiency at the peak wavelengths reaching 71% at low temperature and 55% at room temperature are reported, which are the highest values to date for InAs. The TPV exhibited 10% power conversion efficiency at 100 K cell temperature. The dark and light current-voltage characteristics were measured at different cell temperatures (100–340 K) in response to heat sources in the range 500–800 °C. The resulting dependences of the output voltage and current as well as the spectral response of the InAs TPV have been extensively characterized for waste heat recovery applications. The performance of these cells is strongly determined by the dark current which increases rapidly with increasing cell temperature originating from bandgap narrowing, which resulted in a reduction of open circuit voltage and output power

Respiration and posture influence on the activity of upper and lower esophageal sphincters

Respiration and posture influence on the activity of upper and lower esophageal sphincters Abstract This work explores the effect of postural respiratory function on pressures in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). UES and LES pressures were measured using a high-resolution manometry (HRM). Leg raise in a supine position results in significant pressure increase in the UES and LES. Traction of the cervical spine and chest stabilization maneuver significantly reduces pressure in the UES and significantly increases pressure in the LES. Abdominal wall activity, i.e. intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) affecting UES and LES function, was measured using Ohm Belt sensors. IAP is related to body position, i.e. posture. Using verbal and manual guides, the subject can be instructed to increase abdominal wall activity and thus regulate (increase) IAP. Of the five monitored positions (sitting, lying on the back with leg raise, "bear", squat and hang), the greatest increase in IAP occurred in the bear position, i.e. in the position on all fours with a support on both hands and feet. IAP activation, which is significantly dependent on diaphragm activation, can potentially affect LES pressure and UES pressures. Based on the systematic review, it can be concluded that breathing...Změna aktivity horního a dolního jícnového svěrače při změně respiračních a posturálních podmínek Abstrakt Práce se zabývá vlivem posturálně respirační funkce na tlaky v horním jícnovém svěrači (upper esophageal sphincter - UES) a v dolním jícnovém svěrači (lower esophageal sphincter - LES). Pomocí vyšetření high resolution manometry (HRM) byly měřeny tlaky UES a LES. Při elevaci dolních končetin nad podložku vleže na zádech dochází k signifikantnímu zvýšení tlaku v UES a LES. Trakce krční páteře a stabilizace hrudníku v neutrální poloze signifikantně snižuje tlak UES a signifikantně zvyšuje tlak LES. Pomocí senzorů Ohm Belt byla měřena aktivita břišní stěny, tj. nepřímo nitrobřišní tlak (NBT), který ovlivňuje funkci UES a LES. NBT souvisí s polohou těla, tedy s posturou. Cílenými verbálními a manuálními instrukcemi lze probanda instruovat, jak zvýšit aktivitu břišní stěny, a tak regulovat (zvýšit) NBT. Z pěti sledovaných poloh (sed, leh na zádech s flexí DK nad podložkou, "medvěd", dřep a vis) došlo k největšímu nárůstu NBT v poloze medvěda, tj. v poloze na čtyřech s oporou o obě ruce a nohy. Aktivace NBT, která je významně závislá na aktivaci bránice může potencionálně ovlivnit tlaky LES a UES. Na základě provedené systematické rešerše lze konstatovat, že dechová cviční jsou efektivní v terapii symptomů...Department of Rehabilitation and Sports MedicineKlinika rehabilitace a tělovýchovného lékařství2. lékařská fakultaSecond Faculty of Medicin

Oberflächenpassivierung von kristallinen Silizium-Solarzellen

Fällt Licht mit ausreichend großer Photonenenergie auf einen Halbleiter, kann ein Photon ein Elektron aus dem Atomverband herauslösen. Dieses kann sich frei im Halbleiter bewegen. Im Bandschema wird ein Elektron im Leitungs- und ein Loch im Valenzband, ein Elektron-Loch-Paar, erzeugt. Das Elektron im Leitungsband sowie das Loch im Valenzband sind frei bewegliche Ladungsträger. Legt man an diesen Halbleiter eine externe Spannung an, kann ein Strom fließen. Zum Betrieb einer Solarzelle, d. h. zur Umwandlung der einfallenden Strahlungs- in elektrische Energie ist jedoch eine interne Trennung der Ladungsträger nötig, um eine Spannung an der Solarzelle zu erzeugen und damit einen externen Stromfluß zu ermöglichen. Bei der Silizium-Solarzelle geschieht diese Ladungstrennung in der Regel durch das elektrische Feld eines pn-Übergangs. Werden ein p- und ein n-dotierter Halbleiter in Kontakt miteinander gebracht, diffundieren die jeweiligen Majoritätsladungsträger aufgrund des Konzentrationsgefälles in den entgegengesetzt dotierten Halbleiter. Diese Ladungsdichteverteilung erzeugt nach der Poisson-Gleichung ein elektrisches Feld, das die Diffusion bei der unbeleuchteten Solarzelle gerade ausgleicht. Dieses elektrische Feld, oder genauer gesagt die unterschiedlichen Quasiferminiveaus zu beiden Seiten des pn-Übergangs, sorgen für eine räumliche Trennung der Elektron-Loch-Paare bei Beleuchtung der Solarzelle. In Abb. E.1 ist der Verlauf der Bänder in einer beleuchteten Silizium-Solarzelle gezeigt. Auf beiden Seiten erzeugt das einfallende Licht (hn) Elektron-Loch-Paare. Die jeweiligen Minoritätsträger, Elektronen (negativ) auf der p-dotierten und Löcher (positiv) auf der n-dotierten Seite, werden bei Durchlaufen des pn-Übergangs zur entgegengesetzt dotierten Seite transportiert und bilden dort Majoritätsträger. Durch den Elektronenüberschuß auf der n-Seite und den Löcherüberschuß auf der p-Seite entsteht eine an der Solarzelle anliegende elektrische Spann

Diaphragm in the role of oesophageal sphincter and the possibility of treating reflux oesophageal disease by physiotherapeutic procedures

Title : Diaphragm in the role of oesophageal sphincter and the possibility of treating reflux oesophageal disease by physiotherapeutic procedures Background: The diaphragm, its bloody part, is considered by many authors to be part of the antireflux barrier. However, many are not aware of its reactivity in this area, its maximum strength, and how posture is manifested in the activity of this part of the diaphragm. This work is devoted to the diaphragm topic in the role of the lower esophageal sphincter and we want to point out the potential impact of the diaphragm on the competence of this esophageal sphincter in patients with reflux oesophageal disease and to reveal the possibilities how physiotherapy can help in the treatment of this part of skeletal muscle so as to improve the function of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). We also want to point out the postural function of the diaphragm by means of an intrauterine measurement, thus verifying its stabilization function for the axial system and verifying some maneuvers and techniques commonly used in the physiotherapist's clinical practice, but not objectively. The thickness of the diaphragm itself is then partially measurable by means of special spirometry, so-called occlusion pressures. Method : The group of probands included a total of 62..

Respiration and posture influence on the activity of upper and lower esophageal sphincters

Respiration and posture influence on the activity of upper and lower esophageal sphincters Abstract This work explores the effect of postural respiratory function on pressures in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). UES and LES pressures were measured using a high-resolution manometry (HRM). Leg raise in a supine position results in significant pressure increase in the UES and LES. Traction of the cervical spine and chest stabilization maneuver significantly reduces pressure in the UES and significantly increases pressure in the LES. Abdominal wall activity, i.e. intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) affecting UES and LES function, was measured using Ohm Belt sensors. IAP is related to body position, i.e. posture. Using verbal and manual guides, the subject can be instructed to increase abdominal wall activity and thus regulate (increase) IAP. Of the five monitored positions (sitting, lying on the back with leg raise, "bear", squat and hang), the greatest increase in IAP occurred in the bear position, i.e. in the position on all fours with a support on both hands and feet. IAP activation, which is significantly dependent on diaphragm activation, can potentially affect LES pressure and UES pressures. Based on the systematic review, it can be concluded that breathing..

The relation between the locomotor system and gastroesophagial reflux

The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the issue of the gastrooesophageal disease relating to the locomotive system. Special emphasis is given to the relation between the gastrooesophageal disease and the diaphragma and its viscero-somatic projection (viscero-vertebral projection). This connection will be verified on the clinical observation of a group of patients with the 81 gastrooesophageal disease. We have tried to design a physiotherapy approach to this disease in this dissertation. We have reached the view, that the diaphragm has an essential function, for it is a part of the antireflux barrier and its pressure activity affect the right function of the gastrointestinal system. We have also found, that the disorder in the area of gastrointestinal junction project to the locomotive system and constitute here the reflexive changes, which form specific visceral pattern.This pattern show side asymetry with the total dominance on the left side. The strong dysfunction of the deep stabilisation muscle system of spine, especially of diaphragm is typical for the patients with gastrooesophageal reflux. The respiratory pattern was defective by the most of the examined patients. A very expressive finding was the abdominal diastasis, which was found by more than a half of our probands. It is possible to..