Daily Activity of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb. 1878) in Disturbed and Degraded Habitat of Peat Swamp-Riparian Ecosystem of Rawa Gelam, at Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan-Indonesia

The daily activity of proboscis monkeys was studied on the degraded habitat of peat swamp ecosystem of Rawa Gelam, Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Data of daily activities were collected by followed the groups from early morning until late afternoon when the monkey went to the sleeping tree using the Scan sampling and Ad liebetum methods. The all of the groups observed has recorded almost have the same daily activities pattern, i.e. group 1 feeding 28.79%; moving 14.56%; resting 53,37% and social activity 3,28%. group 2 feeding 30.92%; moving 15.41%; resting 50.75% and social activity 2.91%. group 3 feeding 32.61%; moving 13.16%; resting 52.75% and soc[1]ial activity 1.47%, and group 4: feeding 32.08%; moving 13.97%, resting 51.64% and social activities 2.31%. Proboscis monkey eating leaves (89.4%), flowers (6.82%) and fruits (3.78%). The monkeys have different food preference when dry season and rainy season. Several times recorded proboscis monkey eating lotus flower. The monkeys used different height level when eating and resting. In dry season, the monkey mostly used 0-5 meters and used 5-10 meters in the rainy season. The lenght of daily range of proboscis monkey varies between 432 meters - 860 meters with an average length of 600.5 meters. Home range size of target groups of proboscis monkey were varied, which is group one 26 hectares, group two 32 hectares, groups three 21.25 hectares and group four 22.5 hectares. The daily activity of proboscis monkeys was studied on the degraded habitat of peat swamp ecosystem of Rawa Gelam, Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Data of daily activities were collected by followed the groups from early morning until late afternoon when the monkey went to the sleeping tree using the Scan sampling and Ad liebetum methods. The all of the groups observed has recorded almost have the same daily activities pattern, i.e. group 1 feeding 28.79%; moving 14.56%; resting 53,37% and social activity 3,28%. group 2 feeding 30.92%; moving 15.41%; resting 50.75% and social activity 2.91%. group 3 feeding 32.61%; moving 13.16%; resting 52.75% and soc[1]ial activity 1.47%, and group 4: feeding 32.08%; moving 13.97%, resting 51.64% and social activities 2.31%. Proboscis monkey eating leaves (89.4%), flowers (6.82%) and fruits (3.78%). The monkeys have different food preference when dry season and rainy season. Several times recorded proboscis monkey eating lotus flower. The monkeys used different height level when eating and resting. In dry season, the monkey mostly used 0-5 meters and used 5-10 meters in the rainy season. The lenght of daily range of proboscis monkey varies between 432 meters - 860 meters with an average length of 600.5 meters. Home range size of target groups of proboscis monkey were varied, which is group one 26 hectares, group two 32 hectares, groups three 21.25 hectares and group four 22.5 hectares. The daily activity of proboscis monkeys was studied on the degraded habitat of peat swamp ecosystem of Rawa Gelam, Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Data of daily activities were collected by followed the groups from early morning until late afternoon when the monkey went to the sleeping tree using the Scan sampling and Ad liebetum methods. The all of the groups observed has recorded almost have the same daily activities pattern, i.e. group 1 feeding 28.79%; moving 14.56%; resting 53,37% and social activity 3,28%. group 2 feeding 30.92%; moving 15.41%; resting 50.75% and social activity 2.91%. group 3 feeding 32.61%; moving 13.16%; resting 52.75% and soc[1]ial activity 1.47%, and group 4: feeding 32.08%; moving 13.97%, resting 51.64% and social activities 2.31%. Proboscis monkey eating leaves (89.4%), flowers (6.82%) and fruits (3.78%). The monkeys have different food preference when dry season and rainy season. Several times recorded proboscis monkey eating lotus flower. The monkeys used different height level when eating and resting. In dry season, the monkey mostly used 0-5 meters and used 5-10 meters in the rainy season. The lenght of daily range of proboscis monkey varies between 432 meters - 860 meters with an average length of 600.5 meters. Home range size of target groups of proboscis monkey were varied, which is group one 26 hectares, group two 32 hectares, groups three 21.25 hectares and group four 22.5 hectares

Populasi dan sebaran bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) di Delta Berau

Bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) adalah satwa primata langka dilindungi yang populasinya terus mengalami penurunan akibat hilang dan rusaknya habitat. Delta Berau adalah salah satu lokasi penyebaran bekantan yang berada di luar kawasan konservasi yang kurang mendapat perhatian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui populasi dan sebaran bekantan di Delta Berau dan sekitarnya. Perhitungan populasi dilakukan secara langsung dari sungai (boat survey) pada pagi dan sore hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 1.350-1.774 ekor bekantan yang terbagi dalam 115 kelompok satu-jantan, 5 kelompok semua-jantan, 1 soliter, dan 5 kelompok tidak teridentifikasi. Faktor koreksi sebagai pengali populasi tertinggi pada habitat riparian dan mangrove masing-masing sebesar 1,33 dan 1,27. Kepadatan populasi bekantan secara umum adalah 6,56 ekor/km2 (kisaran: 0,91-93,33) atau 0,59 kelompok/km2 (kisaran: 0,13-9,17). Nisbah kelamin kelompok satu-jantan pada tipe habitat riparian dan habitat mangrove masing-masing sebesar 1:5,6 dan 1:6,1. Sebaran bekantan tertinggi berada di wilayah Kampung Pulau Besing (Pulau Besing, Pulau Bungkung, dan Pulau Sambuayan), yaitu sebanyak 42 kelompok 426 ekor atau sebesar 32% dari total populasi bekantan. Populasi bekantan yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa Delta Berau adalah habitat penting bagi bekantan di Indonesia. Inisiasi pengelolaan habitat bekantan sebagai Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial (KEE) diperlukan, selain perlindungan bekantan secara lokal oleh masyarakat adat setempat sekaligus sebagai upaya melindungi sumber daya perikanan di sekitarnya

Aktivitas Harian Bekantan (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) di Hutan Karet Kabupaten Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan

The daily activities of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) living inrubber forests are poorly understood. The objectives of the research were to studyits daily movement pattern and to determine the time proportion of daily behaviors.The movement of the monkeys was followed by researchers on foot. The behaviorswere observed by scan technique in 15 second intervals for 30 minutes. In rubberforests, lowlands (baruh) were places where the monkey began and ended dailymovements and also conducted most activities. Most inter-water movements of themonkey (about 70%) were conducted twice a day. Statistically, movement distanceand rainfall were negatively and significantly correlated (ґs = -0.58; p < 0.05; n = 14).The monkey spent more time for feeding in the morning and afternoon, and restingat midday. Most behaviors of feeding, resting, playing, and grooming (84.01%) wereconducted at a tree height of less than 15 m. The monkeys moved farther during thedry season to get water and did activities in accordance with height strata to getvarious foods, avoided disturbances, and got comfortable and safe places

Biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos y la calidad del agua en la subcuenca de los ríos Bul Bul y Paiwas, Matiguás, Nicaragua

EN ESTE ESTUDIO SE DETERMINÓ LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA de macroinvertebrados acuáticos asociada a los usos de suelo más comunes en la zona ganadera de Matiguás, específicamente: pastura mejorada con alta densidad de árboles (PMADA), pastura mejorada con baja densidad de árboles (PMBDA), bosque ripario (BR), banco forrajero (BF) y pastura degradada (PD). Se midió el efecto de los usos de suelo en la calidad del agua. Para esto se monitorearon 6 quebradas en la microcuenca del río Paiwas y 3 en el río Bul Bul. El número total de taxas encontradas fue de 15 órdenes, predominando los órdenes Efemeróptero (39%) y Díptera (18%); 51 familias y 82 géneros, de los cuales el 91% pertenecen a la clase insecta. En lo que se refiere a calidad de agua se determinaron 3 grupos; uno que reúne organismos indicadores de buena calidad de agua, otro para organismos indicadores de mediana calidad y por último los organismos indicadores de mala calidad. El componente de protección en las quebradas fue clave para la diversidad biológica, evidenciándose diferencias significativas (p&lt; 0,05) entre las quebradas que presentan protección y las desprotegidas

Impacto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la calidad del agua de dos microcuencas ganaderas de Matiguás, Nicaragua

EN EL PRESENTE ESTUDIO SE EVALUÓ EL IMPACTO DE LOS SISTEMAS silvopastoriles en la calidad del agua de las microcuencas de los ríos Bul bul y Paiwas, Matiguás, Nicaragua. Se seleccionaron 9 quebradas, 5 protegidas por bosque ripario y 4 no protegidas, ubicadas en fincas con sistemas silvopastoriles. Se establecieron 2 puntos de monitoreo por quebrada: a 50m de distancia de la naciente y en la zona de potreros. Se tomaron muestras de agua a las que se les realizó análisis físicoquímicos y bacteriológicos. En la época seca se registraron niveles bajos de O2D (oxígeno disuelto mg/L) y niveles altos de dureza total mg/L, mientras que en la época lluviosa se encontraron los niveles más altos de coliformes fecales. El resto de los parámetros evaluados fueron aptos para consumo humano. Se encontraron diferencias significativas a un (P &lt;0,05) entre épocas para O2D mg/L y dureza total mg/L

Impacto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la calidad del agua de dos microcuencas ganaderas de Matiguás, Nicaragua

EN EL PRESENTE ESTUDIO SE EVALUÓ EL IMPACTO DE LOS SISTEMAS silvopastoriles en la calidad del agua de las microcuencas de los ríos Bul bul y Paiwas, Matiguás, Nicaragua. Se seleccionaron 9 quebradas, 5 protegidas por bosque ripario y 4 no protegidas, ubicadas en fincas con sistemas silvopastoriles. Se establecieron 2 puntos de monitoreo por quebrada: a 50m de distancia de la naciente y en la zona de potreros. Se tomaron muestras de agua a las que se les realizó análisis físicoquímicos y bacteriológicos. En la época seca se registraron niveles bajos de O2D (oxígeno disuelto mg/L) y niveles altos de dureza total mg/L, mientras que en la época lluviosa se encontraron los niveles más altos de coliformes fecales. El resto de los parámetros evaluados fueron aptos para consumo humano. Se encontraron diferencias significativas a un (P <0,05) entre épocas para O2D mg/L y dureza total mg/L

Biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos y la calidad del agua en la subcuenca de los ríos Bul Bul y Paiwas, Matiguás, Nicaragua

EN ESTE ESTUDIO SE DETERMINÓ LA DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA de macroinvertebrados acuáticos asociada a los usos de suelo más comunes en la zona ganadera de Matiguás, específicamente: pastura mejorada con alta densidad de árboles (PMADA), pastura mejorada con baja densidad de árboles (PMBDA), bosque ripario (BR), banco forrajero (BF) y pastura degradada (PD). Se midió el efecto de los usos de suelo en la calidad del agua. Para esto se monitorearon 6 quebradas en la microcuenca del río Paiwas y 3 en el río Bul Bul. El número total de taxas encontradas fue de 15 órdenes, predominando los órdenes Efemeróptero (39%) y Díptera (18%); 51 familias y 82 géneros, de los cuales el 91% pertenecen a la clase insecta. En lo que se refiere a calidad de agua se determinaron 3 grupos; uno que reúne organismos indicadores de buena calidad de agua, otro para organismos indicadores de mediana calidad y por último los organismos indicadores de mala calidad. El componente de protección en las quebradas fue clave para la diversidad biológica, evidenciándose diferencias significativas (p< 0,05) entre las quebradas que presentan protección y las desprotegidas

Diet and its composition of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) in rubber forest of Tabalong District, South Kalimantan

Diet of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) inhabiting rubber forests was poorly known. The research objectives were to identify plants or other organisms which functions as food sources, estimate the amount of food a day, and determine the content of food nutrition. Identification of food sources and estimation of the amount of food were conducted in the field, but the nutrition content was analyzed in the laboratory. Eighteen plant species belonging to at least ten families were found as food sources. The monkey was likely to be folivore. Based on IARF (individual activity records of feeding) method, most of food was consisted of leaves (80.9%) and others were flowers (11.3%), fruits (6.77%), and barks (0.95%). The monkey also fed grasshoppers and termites, although few occasions were found. However, the number of food plant species and the percentage of food composition could change, because on some locations, out of the research location, we found and also people reported other plant species consumed by the proboscis monkey. By sampling the feeding rate on leaves of three species, the amount of food ranged 919.96-1537.59 g wet weight or 168.57-515.94 g dry weight. In addition, those sampled leaves contained nutrition and essential minerals that were required by this colobine monkey

Adaptation of the Wound Healing Questionnaire universal-reporter outcome measure for use in global surgery trials (TALON-1 study): mixed-methods study and Rasch analysis

BackgroundThe Bluebelle Wound Healing Questionnaire (WHQ) is a universal-reporter outcome measure developed in the UK for remote detection of surgical-site infection after abdominal surgery. This study aimed to explore cross-cultural equivalence, acceptability, and content validity of the WHQ for use across low- and middle-income countries, and to make recommendations for its adaptation.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods study within a trial (SWAT) embedded in an international randomized trial, conducted according to best practice guidelines, and co-produced with community and patient partners (TALON-1). Structured interviews and focus groups were used to gather data regarding cross-cultural, cross-contextual equivalence of the individual items and scale, and conduct a translatability assessment. Translation was completed into five languages in accordance with Mapi recommendations. Next, data from a prospective cohort (SWAT) were interpreted using Rasch analysis to explore scaling and measurement properties of the WHQ. Finally, qualitative and quantitative data were triangulated using a modified, exploratory, instrumental design model.ResultsIn the qualitative phase, 10 structured interviews and six focus groups took place with a total of 47 investigators across six countries. Themes related to comprehension, response mapping, retrieval, and judgement were identified with rich cross-cultural insights. In the quantitative phase, an exploratory Rasch model was fitted to data from 537 patients (369 excluding extremes). Owing to the number of extreme (floor) values, the overall level of power was low. The single WHQ scale satisfied tests of unidimensionality, indicating validity of the ordinal total WHQ score. There was significant overall model misfit of five items (5, 9, 14, 15, 16) and local dependency in 11 item pairs. The person separation index was estimated as 0.48 suggesting weak discrimination between classes, whereas Cronbach's α was high at 0.86. Triangulation of qualitative data with the Rasch analysis supported recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation of the WHQ items 1 (redness), 3 (clear fluid), 7 (deep wound opening), 10 (pain), 11 (fever), 15 (antibiotics), 16 (debridement), 18 (drainage), and 19 (reoperation). Changes to three item response categories (1, not at all; 2, a little; 3, a lot) were adopted for symptom items 1 to 10, and two categories (0, no; 1, yes) for item 11 (fever).ConclusionThis study made recommendations for cross-cultural adaptation of the WHQ for use in global surgical research and practice, using co-produced mixed-methods data from three continents. Translations are now available for implementation into remote wound assessment pathways