Species-Specific Differences in the Susceptibility of Fungi to the Antifungal Protein AFP Depend on C-3 Saturation of Glycosylceramides

AFP is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) produced by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus giganteus and is a very potent inhibitor of fungal growth that does not affect the viability of bacteria, plant, or mammalian cells. It targets chitin synthesis and causes plasma membrane permeabilization in many human- and plant-pathogenic fungi, but its exact mode of action is not known. After adoption of the “damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis” regarding the analysis of interactions between AMPs and microorganisms, we have recently proposed that the cytotoxic capacity of a given AMP depends not only on the presence/absence of its target(s) in the host and the AMP concentration applied but also on other variables, such as microbial survival strategies. We show here using the examples of three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Fusarium graminearum) and two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris) that the important parameters defining the AFP susceptibilities of these fungi are (i) the presence/absence of glycosylceramides, (ii) the presence/absence of Δ3(E) desaturation of the fatty acid chain therein, and (iii) the (dis)ability of these fungi to respond to AFP inhibitory effects with the fortification of their cell walls via increased chitin and β-(1,3)-glucan synthesis. These observations support the idea of the adoption of the damage-response framework to holistically understand the outcome of AFP inhibitory effects.TU Berlin, Open-Access-Mittel - 201

Werkstofftechnik für Erstsemester im PBL-Design - konsequent kompetenzorientiert

Lehrende technischer Fächer suchen häufig nach Wegen weg vom Frontalunterricht. Gleichzeitig bestehen Bedenken, dass z. B. Gruppenarbeit in großen Lehrveranstaltungen nicht die notwendige verbindliche Dynamik annimmt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Umstellung einer bisher traditionell durchgeführten Erstsemestervorlesung in ein Problem-Based-Learning-Konzept in Kombination mit der Methode Gruppenpuzzle. Dem Lehr-Lern-Konzept liegt im Sinne des Constructive Alignment eine exakte Formulierung der Learning Outcomes und die darauf konsequent ausgerichtete Gestaltung des gesamten Semesters inklusive der Prüfung zugrunde. 13.05.2016 | Michael Hagen & Birgit Szczyrba (Köln

Prophylactic inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase delays onset of nephritis and ameliorates kidney damage in NZB/W F1 mice

Epoxy-fatty-acids (EpFAs), cytochrome P450 dependent arachidonic acid derivatives, have been suggested to have anti-inflammatory properties, though their effects on autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have yet to be investigated. We assessed the influence of EpFAs and their metabolites in lupus prone NZB/W F1 mice by pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, EPHX2). The sEH inhibitor 1770 was administered to lupus prone NZB/W F1 mice in a prophylactic and a therapeutic setting. Prophylactic inhibition of sEH significantly improved survival and reduced proteinuria. By contrast, sEH inhibitor-treated nephritic mice had no survival benefit; however, histological changes were reduced when compared to controls. In humans, urinary EpFA levels were significantly different in 47 SLE patients when compared to 10 healthy controls. Gene expression of EPHX2 was significantly reduced in the kidneys of both NZB/W F1 mice and lupus nephritis (LN) patients. Correlation of EpFAs with SLE disease activity and reduced renal EPHX gene expression in LN suggest roles for these components in human disease

A taxonomy of strategic postures of international SMEs

This study provides a theoretical analysis of SME strategic postures and presents empirical evidence of strategic types of international SMEs across three European countries, namely Italy, Finland and Greece. Empirical investigation based on a sample of more than 550 international SMEs is performed through cluster analysis. Findings suggest there are four broad strategic types, i.e. the entrepreneurial/growth oriented group of firms, a marketing/selling group of business, a cluster of firms which lack strategic orientation and strategy, and the cluster which focuses on innovation/technology and core manufacturing competencies. The taxonomy provides a description and an explanation of international strategic postures and the basis for theorizing on SMEs’ international behaviour and outcome consequences. Any programs – business- and policy-wise - which aim to stimulate internationalization would benefit greatly from tailoring recommendations to the nature of the strategic types

Bullous pemphigoid in infants: characteristics, diagnosis and treatment

BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) in infants is a rare but increasingly reported autoimmune blistering skin disease. Autoantibody reactivity is usually poorly characterized. Current guidelines do not address specific aspects of the infantile form of BP. The objectives of this study are to define clinical and diagnostic characteristics of infantile BP and develop a treatment algorithm. METHODS: Detailed characterization of a current case series of five infants with BP from our departments. Comprehensive analysis of all reported cases (1-12 months) with respect to clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: In total 81 cases were identified (including our own). The mean age was 4.5 months. Moderately severe and severe disease was seen in 84% of cases. Involvement of hands and feet was present in all cases. Immunofluorescence microscopy was comparable with BP in adults. Where analyzed, the NC16A domain of bullous pemphigoid 180 kDa antigen/collagen XVII (BP180) was identified as the major target antigen. BP180 NC16A ELISA values in our cohort were significantly higher than in a control cohort of 28 newly diagnosed adult patients. 50% of patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids, 20% with a combination of systemic corticosteroids and dapsone or sulfapyridine and 10% with topical corticosteroids alone. 14% of patients needed a combination of multiple immunosuppressants. All but one patient reached remission. Relapses were rare. CONCLUSIONS: Presentation of infantile BP is often severe with blistering of hands and feet present in all cases. Pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria are comparable to adult BP, yet BP180 NC16A ELISA levels seem to be significantly higher in infants. The overall disease outcome is favorable. Based on the results of this study we propose a treatment algorithm for infantile BP

Fortschritte beim Aufbau Ost: Forschungsbericht wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Forschungsinstitute über die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland

Trotz der unbestreitbaren Fortschritte beim Aufbau Ost ist die wirtschaftliche Lage in Ostdeutschland unbefriedigend. Nicht nur, dass das gesamtwirtschaftliche Wachstum seit einigen Jahren hinter dem in Westdeutschland zurückbleibt und die Unterbeschäftigung auf hohem Niveau verharrt, gravierender noch ist, dass die Gefahr besteht, dass Mutlosigkeit und Resignation an Gewicht gewinnen. Die Erfolge, die seit Anfang der neunziger Jahre zu verzeichnen sind, treten dabei in den Hintergrund - Erfolge bei der Erneuerung der Infrastruktur, dem Aufbau einer wettbewerbsfähigen Unternehmensbasis sowie - und nicht zuletzt - bei der Verbesserung der materiellen Lebensverhältnisse der Menschen. Das Bundesministerium der Finanzen hat vor diesem Hintergrund fünf wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Forschungsinstitute beauftragt, in jährlichen „Fortschrittsberichten" ausgewählte Aspekte der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in den neuen Bundesländern zu begutachten. Diese fünf Institute - das Deutsche Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Berlin (DIW), das Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), das Institut für Weltwirtschaft an der Universität Kiel (IfW), das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) und das Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) - haben soeben ihren ersten gemeinsamen Bericht fertiggestellt. 1 Ausgewählte Ergebnisse werden im Folgenden präsentiert. Den Bericht durchzieht - gleichsam als roter Faden - die Erkenntnis, dass die Lage in Ostdeutschland keineswegs so hoffnungslos ist, wie es in der Öffentlichkeit vielfach dargestellt wird. Hoffnung macht vor allem, dass die Industrie einen robusten Wachstumspfad eingeschlagen hat. Hoffnung macht auch, dass zunehmend mehr Unternehmen des Verarbeitenden Gewerbes im weltweiten Wettbewerb mithalten können und auf den internationalen Märkten expandieren. Das bedeutet zugleich, dass die Entwicklung der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft immer mehr vom allgemeinen Wirtschaftsverlauf bestimmt wird. In dem Maße, in dem die Anpassungskrise in der Bauwirtschaft überwunden werden kann, ist bei einer Verbesserung des konjunkturellen Umfelds auch wieder mit höheren gesamtwirtschaftlichen Wachstumsraten zu rechnen. Gleichwohl ist nicht zu verkennen, dass die wirtschaftlichen Probleme der neuen Bundesländer alles andere als gering sind. Denn es zeigen sich strukturelle Defizite, die, wie alle regionalökonomischen Erfahrungen lehren, nur langfristig gelöst werden können. Dabei sollte der Blick mehr als bisher auf die einzelnen Regionen der neuen Bundesländer gerichtet werden, denn Ostdeutschland ist auch in wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht kein einheitliches Ganzes. Weil es Zeit braucht, die noch bestehenden Strukturprobleme zu lösen, verbietet es sich, den Menschen übertriebene Hoffnungen zu machen. Das würde nur weitere Enttäuschungen nach sich ziehen. Ohne Zweifel bedarf es weiterer wirtschaftpolitischer Anstrengungen für den „Aufbau Ost". Nach Ansicht der Institute kommt es weiterhin vor allem darauf an, durch Investitionen die Standortbedingungen in Ostdeutschland zu verbessern; die Kompensation von Standortdefiziten durch Subventionen sollte hingegen zurückgeführt werden. Mehr Bedeutung als bisher sollte überdies Investitionen in das Humankapital eingeräumt werden - das gebietet die gegenwärtige und erst recht die absehbare demographische Entwicklung. --

Bromoform and dibromomethane above the Mauritanian upwelling: Atmospheric distributions and oceanic emissions

Natural sources of bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), including oceanic emissions, contribute to stratospheric and tropospheric O3 depletion. Convective transport over tropical oceans could deliver large amounts of these short-lived organic bromine species to the upper atmosphere. High mixing ratios of atmospheric CHBr3 in air masses from the northwest African coast have been hypothesized to originate from the biologically active Mauritanian upwelling. During a cruise into the upwelling source region in spring 2005 the atmospheric mixing ratios of the brominated compounds CHBr3 and CH2Br2 were found to be elevated above the marine background and comparable to measurements in other coastal regions. The shelf waters were identified as a source of both compounds for the atmosphere. The calculated sea-to-air emissions support the hypothesis of a strong upwelling source for reactive organic bromine. However, calculated emissions were not sufficient to explain the elevated concentrations observed in the coastal atmosphere. Other strong sources that could contribute to the large atmospheric mixing ratios previously observed over the Atlantic Ocean must exist within or near West Africa

Oceanic distribution and sources of bromoform and dibromomethane in the Mauritanian upwel­ling

The tropical oceans are a source of reactive bromine to the atmosphere in the form of short-lived brominated methanes as bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2). Elevated atmospheric concentrations above the tropical oceans are related to oceanic supersaturations of the compounds and especially to upwelling regimes. Although the sources of these brominated gases in the open ocean are not well understood, they have been habitually linked to phytoplankton, especially diatom abundance. Thus according to common assumptions, high concentrations of the brominated trace gases were expected to occur in the biologically active and diatom-rich Mauritanian upwelling. However, contrary to expectations, only low levels were encountered in the upwelling waters, 10.7 (range 5.2–23.8) pmol L−1 CHBr3 and 4.7 (range 3.1–7.0) pmol L−1 CH2Br2, values more typical of open ocean concentrations. The aqueous CHBr3 concentrations were not correlated to high chlorophyll a values or diatom abundances. However, significant correlations existed with low concentrations of marker pigments for diatoms, cyanobacteria, and degradation, suggesting miscellaneous small biological sources of the compound in the upwelling. Air-sea exchange could additionally account for an oceanic source in fresh upwelled waters, while advection of different water masses also influenced the distribution. CHBr3 concentrations were maximized in warm and nitrogen-depleted surface waters, while CH2Br2 was maximized in colder and nitrogen-enriched deeper waters, suggesting that both compounds, at least in part, have different sources and fates

Possible interactions between bacterial diversity, microbial activity and supraglacial hydrology of cryoconite holes in Svalbard

The diversity of highly active bacterial communities in cryoconite holes on three Arctic glaciers in Svalbard was investigated using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the 16S rRNA locus. Construction and sequencing of clone libraries allowed several members of these communities to be identified, with Proteobacteria being the dominant one, followed by Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes. T-RFLP data revealed significantly different communities in holes on the (cold) valley glacier Austre Brøggerbreen relative to two adjacent (polythermal) valley glaciers, Midtre Lovénbreen and Vestre Brøggerbreen. These population compositions correlate with differences in organic matter content, temperature and the metabolic activity of microbial communities concerned. No within-glacier spatial patterns were observed in the communities identified over the 2-year period and with the 1 km-spaced sampling. We infer that surface hydrology is an important factor in the development of cryoconite bacterial communities