The Experience Economy as the Future for European Agriculture and Food?

As recently as a century ago, one out of two people in Europe was employed in the agricultural sector. Today agriculture represents only a small fraction of total employment in most EU member states. What makes this decline in agricultural employment even more striking is that this evolution has occurred despite substantial EU subsidies to support farmers’ income. Given the apparent ineffectiveness of government support in keeping agricultural employment steady, it is worth considering which farming activities are likely to be successful in the economy of the 21st century. We argue in this paper that a potential growth path for European agriculture is the «experience economy» in which consumers are willing to pay premium prices for products and services that provide additional intangible ‘experiences’. We discuss the growth potential of the «experience economy» in the agricultural sector and conclude that it is worthwhile to consider the experience economy as a pathway for future farm growth

Determinants of the degradation of soil structure in vineyards with a view to conversion to organic farmirng

In perennial crops such as grapevine, there is a considerable risk of soil degradation caused by mechanization. Organic farming may increase traffic and result in more intensive soil structure degradation, especially on wet soil. Soil structure was observed in 69 soil profiles from 12 vineyards (Languedoc-Roussillon, Bordeaux, Provence, Burgundy, Rhone Valley) to study the relationships between permanent soil characteristics (texture, stoniness, waterlogging), cultivation practices (technical operations, traffic, farm equipment) and soil structure. Compaction zones were identified in soil profiles viewed perpendicularly to the grapevine rows. The percentage of compacted area and a score for compaction intensity were assessed in the top 0.5m of the soil profile in three soil compartments defined by the distance from the grapevine row: (1) 0 to 0.2m (2) 0.2m to 0.5m and (3) 0.5m to the middle of the inter-row. Most soil profiles exhibited considerable compaction: 75% of the soil profiles were compacted in compartments 2 or 3. Intensity correlated with depth of compaction in compartment 2 - the deeper the compaction, the greater the compaction intensity. Four types of soil profiles could be identified, depending on the location of compacted zones and of their intensity of compaction. The factors that determined the types of soil profiles were as follows: soil vulnerability to compaction, use of moderating practices (practices that limit the risk of compaction) and traffic geometry. A statistical analysis resulted in a decision tree that provides a useful basis to choose cultivation practices that limit damage to or improve soil structure