Memodifikasi Perilaku Orang Yang Rentan Terhadap Hiv/aids

Pergaulan bebas dan penggunaan narkoba yang marak di Indonesia, menyebabkan semakin pesatnya penyebaran Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) di Indonesia. Pad a tahun 2000 jumlah pengidap AIDS naik menjadi 3 kali lipat dan parahnya, trend ini terus berlangsung hingga saat ini. Intervensi yang tepat untuk merubah perilaku rentan penyebab menyebamya HIV amat dibutuhkan. Intervensi perlakuan dibuat dengan mentargetkan perilaku yang rentan terhadap penyebaran HIV. Perilaku yang menjadi targen dan akan di rubah dalam tulisan ini adalah; a) Perilaku mengkuti tes HIV b) Mengurangi perilaku beresiko penyebab penyebaran HIV c) Mengembangkan pola hidup sehat pada pengidap HIV

A Brief Survey on Oracle-based Test Adequacy Metrics

Even though code coverage is a widespread and popular test adequacy metric, it has several limitations. One of the major limitations is that code coverage does not satisfy the necessary conditions for effective fault detection, as it only cares about executing different parts of a program. Studies showed that code coverage as a test adequacy metric is a poor indicator of the quality of a test suite as it does not consider the quality of test oracles. To address this limitation, researchers proposed extensions to traditional code coverage metrics that explicitly consider test oracle quality. We name these metrics as \textit{oracle-based code coverage}. This survey paper has discussed all oracle-based techniques published so far, starting from 2007.Comment: 7 page

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli levels on the hands of theatre staff in three hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa, before and after handwashing

Background. Hand hygiene is a fundamental component of infection control. Hand contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli may contribute to infections.Objectives. To assess the effectiveness of different handwashing methods in reducing the levels of bacterial flora, especially S. aureus and E. coli, on the hands of theatre staff.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 70 staff in surgical theatres of three randomly chosen hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa. Samples were taken before and after handwashing using the modified glove juice method and the fingernail press technique. Standard microbiological techniques were used to identify bacteria. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric analysis were used to compare the differences between hospitals and to determine the effects of handwashing on microbial flora and skin irritation.Results. S. aureus organisms were isolated in the prewash samples of 29 (41%) and in the postwash samples of 20 (29%) workers. Of the 29 with positive prewash cultures, 19 (65.5%) showed decreased postwash counts, while 10 (34.5%) showed no change or increased counts. Four workers with a negative prewash count had a positive postwash count. No statistical differences were found between postwash counts categorised by the type of cleansing formula used and the washing technique. E. coli organisms were identified in the prewash count of the fingertip press of one worker.Conclusions. Almost half of the theatre staff carried S. aureus isolates on their hands prior to handwashing and approximately one-third after handwashing. Closer monitoring of handwashing techniques should be introduced

ANTI-TRYPANOSOMAL POTENTIAL OF MOMORDICA BALSAMINA LINN FRUIT PULP EXTRACT AGAINST TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI BRUCEI INFECTION

The search for new trypanocides has not been keenly pursued due to high cost of design and development with no promise of financial returns. Momordica balsamina fruit pulp extract was screened for antitrypanosomal activity in experimental T. brucei brucei infection in rabbits. The extract was administered prior to parasite inoculation, 24 hours post parasite inoculation and on establishment of infection. The treatment was by oral administration of the extract at 500mg/kg body weight for 14 consecutive days. Parasitaemia was monitored daily while body weight and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined before commencement of studies and subsequently at weekly intervals for 28 days. The result showed a significant (

Discrepancies between survey and administrative data on the use of mental health services in the general population: findings from a study conducted in Québec

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Population surveys and health services registers are the main source of data for the management of public health. Yet, the validity of survey data on the use of mental health services has been questioned repeatedly due to the sensitive nature of mental illness and to the risk of recall bias. The main objectives of this study were to compare data on the use of mental health services from a large scale population survey and a national health services register and to identify the factors associated with the discrepancies observed between these two sources of data.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study was based on the individual linkage of data from the cycle 1.2 of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS-1.2) and from the health services register of the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ). The RAMQ is the governmental agency managing the Quebec national health insurance program. The analyses mostly focused on the 637 Quebecer respondents who were recorded as users of mental health services in the RAMQ and who were self-reported users or non users of these services in the CCHS-1.2.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Roughly 75%, of those recorded as users of mental health services users in the RAMQ's register did not report using mental health services in the CCHS-1.2. The odds of disagreement between survey and administrative data were higher in seniors, individuals with a lower level of education, legal or de facto spouses and mothers of young children. They were lower in individuals with a psychiatric disorder and in frequent and more recent users of mental health services according to the RAMQ's register.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings support the hypotheses that social desirability and recall bias are likely to affect the self-reported use of mental health services in a population survey. They stress the need to refine the investigation of mental health services in population surveys and to combine survey and administrative data, whenever possible, to obtain an optimal estimation of the population need for mental health care.</p

Whole exome sequencing coupled with unbiased functional analysis reveals new Hirschsprung disease genes

Background: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), which is congenital obstruction of the bowel, results from a failure of enteric nervous system (ENS) progenitors to migrate, proliferate, differentiate, or survive within the distal intestine. Previous studies that have searched for genes underlying HSCR have focused on ENS-related pathways and genes not fitting the current knowledge have thus often been ignored. We identify and validate novel HSCR genes using whole exome sequencing (WES), burden tests, in silico prediction, unbiased in vivo analyses of the mutated genes in zebrafish, and expression analyses in zebrafish, mouse, and human. Results: We performed de novo mutation (DNM) screening on 24 HSCR trios. We identify 28 DNMs in 21 different genes. Eight of the DNMs we identified occur in RET, the main HSCR gene, and the remaining 20 DNMs reside in genes not reported in the ENS. Knockdown of all 12 genes with missense or loss-of-function DNMs showed that the orthologs of four genes (DENND3, NCLN, NUP98, and TBATA) are indispensable for ENS development in zebrafish, and these results were confirmed by CRISPR knockout. These genes are also expressed in human and mouse gut and/or ENS progenitors. Importantly, the encoded proteins are linked to neuronal processes shared by the central nervous system and the ENS. Conclusions: Our data open new fields of investigation into HSCR pathology and provide novel insights into the development of the ENS. Moreover, the study demonstrates that functional analyses of genes carrying DNMs are warranted to delineate the full genetic architecture of rare complex diseases

Lethal encephalitozoonosis in cyclophosphamide-treated rabbits

Encephalitozoonosis is an opportunistic infection in animals and humans. Its clinical form is observed in immunosuppressed hosts. We studied the occurrence of the manifest form of rabbit microsporidiosis under cyclophosphamide immunomodulation in 40 New Zealand rabbits. The experimental animals were intraperitoneally infected with 5 Ã 107Encephalitozoon cuniculispores. Two weeks after infection the animals were treated intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide, first with 50 mg/kg and then with 15 mg/kg weekly during the 12-week experimental period. Positive controls were eitherE. cuniculi-infected or cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed animals. The negative control rabbits remained untreated. Both clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis and depression of peripheral blood cell count developed between weeks 4 and 6 in the experimental animals which died during week 6 of the experiment. No clinical signs compatible with encephalitozoonosis were observed in any of the controls. The results suggest that immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide can give rise to a lethal form of encephalitozoonosis

Effects of anthropogenic activities on the heavy metal levels in the clams and sediments in a tropical river

The present study aimed to assess the effects of anthropogenic activities on the heavy metal levels in the Langat River by transplantation of Corbicula javanica. In addition, potential ecological risk indexes (PERI) of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the river were also investigated. The correlation analysis revealed that eight metals (As, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in total soft tissue (TST) while five metals (As, Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn) in shell have positively and significantly correlation with respective metal concentration in sediment, indicating the clams is a good biomonitor of the metal levels. Based on clustering patterns, the discharge of dam impoundment, agricultural activities and urban domestic waste were identified as three major contributors of the metals in Pangsun, Semenyih and Dusun Tua, and Kajang, respectively. Various geochemical indexes for a single metal pollutant (geoaccumulation index (I geo), enrichment factors (EF), contamination factor (C f) and ecological risk (Er)) all agreed that Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn are not likely to cause adverse effect to the river ecosystem, but As and Pb could pose a potential ecological risk to the river ecosystem. All indexes (degree of contamination (C d), combined pollution index (CPI) and PERI) showed that overall metal concentrations in the tropical river are still within safe limit. River metal pollution was investigated. Anthropogenic activities were contributors of the metal pollution. Geochemical indexes showed that metals are within the safe limit