BETWEEN HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY: CARTOGRAPHY AS REFLECTION AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH TOOL

Ai fini della ricostruzione di un paesaggio antico l’analisi della cartografia offre una visione d’insieme (sintetica e panoramica) di un determinato comprensorio e acquista una grande rilevanza per comprendere i cambiamenti che vi sono avvenuti nel corso del tempo, per effetto dell’azione della natura e dell’uomo. Nel lavoro si sottolinea il ruolo della cartografia come strumento di lavoro e come prodotto di una ricerca storico-archeologica, attraverso alcune esemplificazioni concrete.In order to reconstruct the ancient landscape, the cartographical analysis offers a comprehensive outlook, at the same time syntethic and panoramic, of great importance to understand all changes occurred in the past by the human or nature action. In this work the importance of cartography is highlighted both as fundamental tool for the historical and archaeological research as result of it, by means of some practical examples

Savages, Epics and Martyrs. The Master Narrative about San Jose Fort reconsidered from Historical Archaeology (Peninsula Valdes, Chubut Province, 18th Century)

Desde inicios del siglo XX hasta el presente, la historiografía tradicional argentina se ha ocupado de estudiar la colonización española de costa patagónica de fines del siglo XVIII. La perspectiva desarrollada hasta 1980 se vinculaba principalmente a ámbitos conservadores de la historia que generaron una imagen fuertemente eurocéntrica y colonialista tanto del proceso de poblamiento como de cada uno de los tres asentamientos instalados sobre la costa patagónica entre 1779 y 1780 (el Fuerte Nuestra Señora del Carmen -Carmen de Patagones, Pcia. de Buenos Aires-, la Nueva Colonia y Fuerte de Floridablanca -Puerto San Julián, Pcia. de Santa Cruz- y el Fuerte San José -Península Valdés, Pcia. de Chubut). A partir de nuevas investigaciones realizadas en el Fuerte San José, el presente trabajo discute las aproximaciones históricas tradicionales al mismo. Desde una perspectiva descolonial, se busca mostrar cómo el relato maestro historiográfico es solidario con la construcción del estado nación argentino, apoyandose en una mirada retrospectiva para legitimar su profundidad temporal y extensión espacial. De este modo, proponemos desde la arqueología histórica exponer la materialidad de nuevas tramas de sentidos para comprender proceso colonial en Patagonia, visibilizando otros espacios, actores, procesos y materialidades que habían quedado desdibujados en el relato maestro de la historiografía provincial y nacional.From the beginnings of the twentieth century up to present day, Argentinian traditional historiography has studied the late eighteenth century Spanish colonization of the Patagonian coast. The viewpoint developed until 1980 was mainly linked to conservative environments of history that generated a strong Eurocentric and colonialist image of both, the process of settlement and of each of the three installed settlements on the Patagonian coast between 1779 and 1780 (Nuestra Señora del Carmen Fort -Carmen de Patagones, Buenos Aires province, Nueva Colonia y Fuerte de Florida blanca-Puerto San Julián, Santa Cruz province and San José Fort -Península Valdés, Chubut province). Based on new research conducted at San José Fort, this paper discusses its traditional historical approaches. From a de-colonial perspective, it seeks to show how the master historiographic narrative is consistent with the construction of the Argentine nation-state, supported by a retrospective look to legitimate its temporal depth and spatial extent. Thus, from historical archaeology we suggest to expose the materiality of new schemes of senses to understand the colonial process in Patagonia, making other spaces, actors, processes and materiality which remained vague on the national and provincial historiography.Fil: Bianchi Villelli, Marcia Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones En Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio; ArgentinaFil: Buscaglia, Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; Argentin

Autonomia finanziaria degli enti locali

La riforma tributaria del 1971 affidò il finanziamento degli enti locali ad un sistema misto che comprendeva autofinanziamento con tributi ed entrate patrimoniali e finanziamenti del governo centrale. Tale sistema non rese all’aumento esponenziale della spesa pubblica, verificatosi nei decenni successivi, ed i trasferimenti erariali finirono per avere il sopravvento. Parallelamente, la corruzione e lo spreco del denaro pubblico alimentavano la richiesta dei cittadini di un maggior controllo della spesa e del suo collegamento al prelievo, dando vita alla richiesta sempre crescente di decentramento e, quindi, di federalismo fiscale, nel quale l’autonomia impositiva degli enti locali assunse la sua giusta rilevanza

A Genealogy of Historical Maps of Fuerte San José. Península Valdés, Chubut, 18th Century

El Fuerte San José fue fundado a fines del siglo XVIII en Península Valdés (Chubut) como parte del plan español de colonización de la costa patagónica. El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir críticamente la interpretación tradicional de los planos históricos asignados a dicho asentamiento. Para ello, trabajamos sobre la evaluación, integración y confrontación de diversas fuentes históricas ?documentos escritos, planos y mapas- así como el registro arqueológico, considerando la historia y organización arquitectónica del fuerte. Los resultados obtenidos son relevantes no sólo en lo que respecta a la historia local de Península Valdés, su puesta en valor, y la imagen del fuerte que ha perdurado hasta nuestros días; sino también como llamado de atención a la hora de considerar los sesgos resultantes de la conformación de los archivos históricos.Fuerte San José was founded in the late 18th century in Península Valdés (Chubut, Argentina) as part of the Spanish colonization of the Patagonian coast. In this paper we discuss the traditional interpretation of historical maps assigned to this settlement. We mainly worked on the evaluation, integration and comparison of various historical sources —written documents and maps— and the archaeological record, considering the history and architectural organization of the fort. These results are relevant not only in regard to the local history of Península Valdes, its patrimonial value and the image of the Fort that has endured to this day; but also as a reminder of the biases resulting of the conformation of historical archives.Fil: Bianchi Villelli, Marcia Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio; ArgentinaFil: Buscaglia, Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Sancci, Bruno. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia; Argentina. Instituto Superior de Formación Docente y Artística Nº 805; Argentin

Diagnostic Process of an Ancient Colonnade Using 3D High-Resolution Models with Non-Invasive Multi Techniques

Here, an avant-garde study of three ancient Doric columns of the precious, ancient Romanesque church of Saints Lorenzo and Pancrazio in the historical town center of Cagliari (Italy) is presented based on the integrated application of different non-destructive testing methods. The limitations of each methodology are overcome by the synergistic application of these methods, affording an accurate, complete 3D image of the studied elements. Our procedure begins with a macroscopic in situ analysis to provide a preliminary diagnosis of the conditions of the building materials. The next step is laboratory tests, in which the porosity and other textural characteristics of the carbonate building materials are studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. After this, a survey with a terrestrial laser scanner and close-range photogrammetry is planned and executed to produce accurate high-resolution 3D digital models of the entire church and the ancient columns inside. This was the main objective of this study. The high-resolution 3D models allowed us to identify architectural complications occurring in historical buildings. The 3D reconstruction with the above metric techniques was indispensable for planning and carrying out the 3D ultrasonic tomography, which played an important role in detecting defects, voids, and flaws within the body of the studied columns by analyzing the propagation of the ultrasonic waves. The high-resolution 3D multiparametric models allowed us to obtain an extremely accurate picture of the conservation state of the studied columns in order to locate and characterize both shallow and internal defects in the building materials. This integrated procedure can aid in the control of the spatial and temporal variations in the materials’ properties and provides information on the process of deterioration in order to allow adequate restoration solutions to be developed and the structural health of the artefact to be monitored

3D imaging of CRP and ultrasonic tomography to detect decay in a living adult holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in Sardinia (Italy)

A field-integrated methodology using 3D ultrasonic tomography supported by close range photogrammetry (CRP) has been developed and evaluated as a tool to detect the presence and patterns of decay forms in a living adult holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in an urban green area of the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. Close range photogrammetry was used to compute a high resolution 3D model of the studied tree, texturized with natural colors. Moreover, following the implemented workflow process it was possible to evaluate the deformation pattern of the studied tree over time. In a second step of our integrated approach, and in order to diagnose the state of health of the inner part of the studied tree in a non-invasive way, laboratory and in situ non-invasive ultrasonic techniques were applied. The results of the close range photogrammetry analysis supported the optimal design of the 3D ultrasonic tomography of the living adult holm oak. Ultrasonic tomography is one of the most powerful non-destructive testing techniques for the full-volume inspection of a structure. It produced physical information on the inner structure of the stem of the investigated tree. The results of the study show that the integrated application of close range photogrammetry and 3D ultrasonic tomography is a powerful tool for a highly accurate and objective evaluation of the external and internal decay of trees and for monitoring their conservation states. With the fully integrated approach, the diagnostic process aimed to prevent instability and the failure of trees can be greatly improved

High resolution 3-D modelling of cylinder shape bodies applied to ancient columns of a church

The use of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) applied to construction materials allows to highlight and characterize their features, especially in the case of old buildings. The multi-technique high resolution 3D modelling described here is aimed to investigate the conservation state of the central column of a colonnade in the ancient church of Saints Lorenzo and Pancratio, dating to about the second half of the thirteenth century and located in the old town of Cagliari (Italy). This column was considered of interest because its longitudinal axis deviates from its ideal position and it appears the most deteriorated. In this work we describe the integrated application of 3D diagnostic methods, i.e. Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), close range photogrammetry (CRP) and ultrasonic tomography supported by petrographic investigations. They were used to improve the diagnostic process of the conservation state of the investigated column. The TLS technique was supported by CRP to obtain a natural colour texturized 3D model of the column. The geometrical anomaly maps derived from the data of the TLS-CRP survey show the presence of some anomalies worthy of attention. Starting from the 3D reconstruction with previous techniques we planned and implemented a 3D ultrasonic tomography. Ultrasonic tomography proved to be a successful tool in identifying internal defects, as well as the presence of voids and flaws within the materials through the analysis of the propagation of ultrasonic waves. The integration of the three non-invasive techniques supported by petrographical analyses demonstrates its potential in reducing ambiguities since each technique brings its clue to the overall diagnostic process