Savukaasulauhduttimen vaikutus sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotantoon

Energiantuotanto on yksi suurimmista syistä maapallolla tapahtuvaan liikakulutukseen. Tämä johtaa siihen, että on löydettävä ratkaisuja tuottaa välttämättä tarvittava energia mahdollisimman vähillä resursseilla. Sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotanto on tapa energiantuotannon hyötysuhteen parantamiseen, sillä yhteistuotannon avulla saavutetaan paljon suurempi hyötysuhde verrattuna erilliseen sähkön ja lämmön tuotantoon. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tutkia sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotantoa höyryvoimalaitoksessa. Erityisesti tutkimuskysymyksenä on tarkastella keinoja, joilla voidaan vaikuttaa sähkön ja lämmön tuotantosuhteeseen höyryvoimalaitoksessa, ja etenkin tarkastella savukaasulauhduttimen vaikutusta tuotantosuhteeseen. Työssä myös käsitellään eri tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat sähkön ja lämmön tuotantoon tietyllä hetkellä. Tämä työ on toteutettu kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Työhön on löydetty sopivaa materiaalia sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotantolaitokseen liittyen ja tehty johtopäätöksiä niiden perusteella. Kandidaatintyön alussa perehdyttiin yhteistuotantovoimalaitoksen toimintaan ja sen eri osiin. Työssä myös tarkasteltiin höyryn termodynamiikkaa voimalaitosprosessissa. Tämän jälkeen mentiin itse tutkimuskysymykseen, jossa tarkasteltiin eri tapoja vaikuttaa yhteistuotantovoimalaitoksen tuotantosuhteeseen erityisesti savukaasulauhduttimen, reduktioajon sekä lauhdeperän avulla. Samassa luvussa tarkasteltiin myös tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat sähkön ja lämmön kysyntään tietyllä hetkellä

School-based education programmes for the prevention of unintentional injuries in children and young people.

Background: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children aged four to 18 years and are a major cause of ill health. The school setting offers the opportunity to deliver preventive interventions to a large number of children and has been used to address a range of public health problems. However, the effectiveness of the school setting for the prevention of different injury mechanisms in school-aged children is not well understood. Objectives: To assess the effects of school-based educational programmes for the prevention of injuries in children and evaluate their impact on improving children's safety skills, behaviour and practices, and knowledge, and assess their cost-effectiveness. Search methods: We ran the most recent searches up to 16 September 2016 for the following electronic databases: Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations; Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R); Embase and Embase Classic (Ovid); ISI Web of Science: Science Citation Index Expanded; ISI Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science; ISI Web of Science: Social Sciences Citation Index; ISI Web of Science: Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Social Sciences & Humanities; and the 14 October 2016 for the following electronic databases: Health Economics Evaluations Database (HEED); Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA); CINAHL Plus (EBSCO); ZETOC; LILACS; PsycINFO; ERIC; Dissertation Abstracts Online; IBSS; BEI; ASSIA; CSA Sociological Abstracts; Injury Prevention Web; SafetyLit; EconLit (US); PAIS; UK Clinical Research Network Study Portfolio; Open Grey; Index to Theses in the UK and Ireland; Bibliomap and TRoPHI. Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (non-RCTs), and controlled before-and-after (CBA) studies that evaluated school-based educational programmes aimed at preventing a range of injury mechanisms. The primary outcome was self-reported or medically attended unintentional (or unspecified intent) injuries and secondary outcomes were observed safety skills, observed behaviour, self-reported behaviour and safety practices, safety knowledge, and health economic outcomes. The control groups received no intervention, a delayed injury-prevention intervention or alternative school-based curricular activities. We included studies that aimed interventions at primary or secondary prevention of injuries from more than one injury mechanism and were delivered, in part or in full, in schools catering for children aged four to 18 years. Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors identified relevant trials from title and abstracts of studies identified in searches and two review authors extracted data from the included studies and assessed risk of bias. We grouped different types of interventions according to the outcome assessed and the injury mechanism targeted. Where data permitted, we performed random-effects meta-analyses to provide a summary of results across studies. Main results: The review included 27 studies reported in 30 articles. The studies had 73,557 participants with 12 studies from the US; four from China; two from each of Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the UK; and one from each of Israel, Greece and Brazil. Thirteen studies were RCTs, six were non-RCTs and eight were CBAs. Of the included studies, 18 provided some element of the intervention in children aged four to 11 years, 17 studies included children aged 11 to 14 years and nine studies included children aged 14 to 18 years. The overall quality of the results was poor, with the all studies assessed as being at high or unclear risks of bias across multiple domains, and varied interventions and data collection methods employed. Interventions comprised information-giving, peer education or were multi-component. Seven studies reported the primary outcome of injury occurrence and only three of these were similar enough to combine in a meta-analysis, with a pooled incidence rate ratio of 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49 to 1.08; 2073 children) and substantial statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 63%). However, this body of evidence was low certainty, due to concerns over this heterogeneity (inconsistency) and imprecision. This heterogeneity may be explained by the non-RCT study design of one of the studies, as a sensitivity analysis with this study removed found stronger evidence of an effect and no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). Two studies report an improvement in safety skills in the intervention group. Likewise, the four studies measuring observed safety behaviour reported an improvement in the intervention group relative to the control. Thirteen out of 19 studies describing self-reported behaviour and safety practices showed improvements, and of the 21 studies assessing changes in safety knowledge, 19 reported an improvement in at least one question domain in the intervention compared to the control group. However, we were unable to pool data for our secondary outcomes, so our conclusions were limited, as they were drawn from highly diverse single studies and the body of evidence was low (safety skills) or very low (behaviour, safety knowledge) certainty. Only one study reported intervention costs but did not undertake a full economic evaluation (very low certainty evidence). Authors' conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to determine whether school-based educational programmes can prevent unintentional injuries. More high-quality studies are needed to evaluate the impact of educational programmes on injury occurrence. There is some weak evidence that such programmes improve safety skills, behaviour/practices and knowledge, although the evidence was of low or very low quality certainty. We found insufficient economic studies to assess cost-effectiveness

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Sonal Bhuchar oral history interview and transcript

This recording and transcript form part of a collection of oral history interviews conducted by the Chao Center for Asian Studies at Rice University. This collection includes audio recordings and transcripts of interviews with Asian Americans native to or living in Houston.Sonal Bhuchar was born in Mumbai, India in 1960. She came to the U.S. and Houston for the first time in 1984 with her husband who was perusing his medical career in pediatrics and family medicine. She was also in healthcare as a physical therapist. After initially settling in Houston, she moved with her husband to Long Island, NY and then to Lubbock, TX. She currently lives in the Fort Bend area near Houston, TX. After becoming increasingly involved in her children’s schools, she ran for a position on the Fort Bend ISD Board of Trustees. After winning a seat, she helped manage fiscal appropriations for the district, and served as president for two terms. With her experience in education and healthcare, Sonal decided to run for Texas State Representative on the republican ticket, for which she was not successful. Nevertheless, she is still very interested in politics, and serves for several non-profits including Fort Bend Education Foundation, Indo-American Charity Foundation, Child Advocates of Fort Bend, and Texas Medical Association Alliance. She speaks three languages in addition to English, including Hindi, Gujarati, and Marathi. She has three children, who now have careers of their own. She lives in the Fort Bend area with her husband where the couple shares a joint office that combines her physical therapy practice with his family medicine practice

Spectrophotometric Study of Lead & Mercury Complexes with Xylenol Orange Analogue

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Selection of Suitable Indicators from Comparison of Colour Transformation in Terms of Index of Molar Colour Discrimination

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