30 research outputs found
RĂFLEXIONS SUR LA MATĂRIALITĂ
International audienceRecueil de réflexions sur la matérialité en architecture
The earliest basketry in southern Europe: Hunter- gatherer and farmer plant-based technology in Cueva de los Murciélagos (Albuñol)
Plant material culture can offer unique insights into the ways of life of prehistoric societies; however, its perish- able nature has prevented a thorough understanding of its diverse and complex uses. Sites with exceptional preservation of organic materials provide a unique opportunity for further research. The burial site of Cueva de los Murciélagos in southern Iberia, uncovered during 19th-century mining activities, contained the best-pre- served hunter-gatherer basketry in southern Europe, together with other unique organic artifacts associated with the first farming communities, such as sandals and a wooden hammer. We present 14 14C dates for the perishable artifacts (N = 76), situating the assemblage between the Early and Middle Holocene (c. 7500 to 4200 cal BCE). Our integrated analysis includes raw material determination and technological and chrono-cul- tural contextualization of this unique and important set of materials.Peer reviewe
Gorenstein Formats, Canonical and CalabiâYau Threefolds
Gorenstein formats present the equations of regular canonical, CalabiâYau and Fano varieties embedded by subcanonical divisors. We present a new algorithm for the enumeration of these formats based on orbifold Riemann-Roch and knapsack packing-type algorithms. We apply this to extend the known lists of threefolds of general type beyond the well-known classes of complete intersections and also to find classes of Calabi-Yau threefolds with canonical singularities
Design of buildings ensuring their reversibility, deconstruction and reuse, monitoring methodology life cycle environmental assessment and monitoring methodology
Dans un contexte de pression environnementale intense oĂč le secteur de la construction dans le monde a le plus grand impact sur plusieurs indicateurs, le rĂ©emploi des Ă©lĂ©ments porteurs est le plus prometteur pour Ă©viter significativement la production de dĂ©chets, prĂ©server les ressources naturelles et rĂ©duire les Ă©missions de gaz Ă effet de serre par la diminution de l'Ă©nergie grise. Cette thĂšse porte donc sur trois principaux axes de recherches : 1. lâamĂ©lioration de la conception structurale par des typologies favorables en dĂ©finissant le DfReu (Design for Reuse) afin dâanticiper la mise en Ćuvre dâĂ©lĂ©ments porteurs (verticaux et horizontaux) dĂ©montables et rĂ©employables en fin de vie, dâallonger leur durĂ©e de vie, in fine en augmentant le stock dâĂ©lĂ©ments disponibles au rĂ©emploi 2. le dĂ©veloppement dâune mĂ©thodologie pour la mise en place dâune traçabilitĂ© renforcĂ©e et pĂ©renne autour dâune banque de matĂ©riaux et du BIM afin de disposer de toutes les caractĂ©ristiques, notamment physico-mĂ©caniques, des Ă©lĂ©ments porteurs et de faciliter les processus de rĂ©emploi et lâengagement dâune nouvelle responsabilitĂ© pour lâingĂ©nieur rĂ©employeur 3. Lâidentification des paramĂštres clĂ©s influençant les impacts environnementaux propres au rĂ©emploi et le dĂ©veloppement dâanalyses de sensibilitĂ©, permettant une meilleure comprĂ©hension des consĂ©quences de ce processus et de sa prise en compte lors de la conception, appuyant lâaide Ă la dĂ©cision. Une expĂ©rimentation fondĂ©e sur des portiques dĂ©monstrateurs en bĂ©ton armĂ© a permis de corroborer ces trois axes en gĂ©nĂ©rant des donnĂ©es manquantes dans la littĂ©rature. Cette analyse pratique de lâassemblage poteau-poutre a produit des donnĂ©es techniques sur le comportement structural aprĂšs rĂ©emploi, mais aussi des donnĂ©es environnementales de mise en Ćuvre et dĂ©construction. Ce travail propose alors une mĂ©thodologie fondĂ©e sur une chaĂźne d'outils pour permettre aux ingĂ©nieurs de concevoir des assemblages rĂ©versibles au sein dâune structure rĂ©employable, de pĂ©renniser les informations nĂ©cessaires dans la maquette BIM doublĂ©es dâune traçabilitĂ© physique, de mettre en place une banque de matĂ©riaux et dâoptimiser la conception Ă partir dâun stock dâĂ©lĂ©ments porteurs. LâĂ©tude distingue ainsi la "conception avec un stock" qui vise Ă intĂ©grer le plus grand nombre possible d'Ă©lĂ©ments disponibles, de la "conception Ă partir d'un stock" qui conduit au rĂ©emploi de 100% des Ă©lĂ©ments et propose ainsi un nouveau paradigme pour le concepteur. ParallĂšlement, les impacts environnementaux du processus de rĂ©emploi sont Ă©tudiĂ©s Ă partir dâune analyse du cycle de vie (ACV). Une analyse de sensibilitĂ© dĂ©clinant, entre autres, le nombre dâusages et la durĂ©e de vie, en comparaison de constructions neuves Ă©quivalentes, permet de mieux apprĂ©hender les domaines d'intĂ©rĂȘt du DfReu. La prise en compte de critĂšres spĂ©cifiques Ă lâĂ©conomie circulaire dans le bĂątiment complĂšte la dĂ©finition des critĂšres de rĂ©employabilitĂ©. LâĂ©tude environnementale montre finalement dans quelles conditions le rĂ©emploi diminue lâimpact dâun bĂątiment, et identifie les paramĂštres clĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus sâadressent en premier lieu aux ingĂ©nieurs structure mais plus largement aux concepteurs membres de la maĂźtrise dâĆuvre : architectes, ingĂ©nieurs et bureaux dâĂ©tudes spĂ©cialisĂ©s en environnement, afin de proposer et dâinciter lâĂ©tude de variantes anticipant la rĂ©employabilitĂ© des bĂątiments nouvellement conçus. Les rĂ©sultats sont, par extension, Ă©galement exploitables dans les projets intervenant sur lâexistant.In a context of strong environmental pressure in which the construction sector has the greatestimpact, the reuse of the load-bearing elements is the most promising as it significantly avoidswaste production, preserves natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by cuttingdown on embodied energy.This thesis consequently covers three main areas of research:1. Improvement of structural design through expedient typologies by defining the DfReu(Design for Reuse) in order to anticipate the use of load-bearing elements (vertical andhorizontal), that can be dismantled and reused at the end of their service life to extendtheir lifespan, ultimately increasing the stock of available elements for reuse.2. Development of a methodology for the implementation of a reinforced and long-lastingtraceability centered on a materials bank with the use of BIM in order to secure all thecharacteristics, in particular physico-mechanical, of the load-bearing elements and tofacilitate the reuse processes as well as the commitment of a new responsibility for thereuse engineer.3. Identification of the key parameters influencing the environmental impacts of reuse anddevelopment of sensitivity study, allowing a better comprehension of the consequencesof this process and its consideration in design to support to decision making.An experiment based on reinforced concrete demonstration portals frames has enabledcorroboration of these three lines of research by generating missing data in literature. Thispractical analysis of column-beam assembly has generated technical data on the structuralbehavior after reuse, but also environmental data for implementation and deconstruction.This research offers subsequently a methodology based on a chain of tools to enable engineersto design reversible construction assemblies within a reusable structure, to secure the necessaryinformation in the BIM model coupled with physical traceability, to build a bank of materials andto enhance design through a stock of load-bearing elements. The study thus distinguishes"design with a stock" which aims to combine as many available elements as possible, from"design from a stock" which leads to the reuse of 100% of the elements and thus presents a newparadigm for the designer.At the same time, the environmental impacts of the reuse process are studied using a life cycleassessment (LCA). A sensitivity study, based among other things on the number of uses and thelifespan, in comparison to equivalent new constructions, provides a better understanding of theareas of interest of the DfReu. Consideration of criteria specific to the circular economy inbuildings completes the definition of reuse criteria. In the end, environmental studies establishunder which conditions reuse reduces the impact of a building and identify the key parameters.The results obtained are primarily intended for structural engineers but more broadly fordesigners part of the project management: architects, engineers and environmental designoffices, in order to offer and encourage the study of variants anticipating the reusability of newlydesigned buildings. By extension, the results can also be used in projects involving existingbuildings
Conception des bùtiments assurant leur réversibilité, leur déconstruction et leur réemploi, méthodologie de suivi et évaluation environnementale sur les cycles de vie
In a context of strong environmental pressure in which the construction sector has the greatestimpact, the reuse of the load-bearing elements is the most promising as it significantly avoidswaste production, preserves natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by cuttingdown on embodied energy.This thesis consequently covers three main areas of research:1. Improvement of structural design through expedient typologies by defining the DfReu(Design for Reuse) in order to anticipate the use of load-bearing elements (vertical andhorizontal), that can be dismantled and reused at the end of their service life to extendtheir lifespan, ultimately increasing the stock of available elements for reuse.2. Development of a methodology for the implementation of a reinforced and long-lastingtraceability centered on a materials bank with the use of BIM in order to secure all thecharacteristics, in particular physico-mechanical, of the load-bearing elements and tofacilitate the reuse processes as well as the commitment of a new responsibility for thereuse engineer.3. Identification of the key parameters influencing the environmental impacts of reuse anddevelopment of sensitivity study, allowing a better comprehension of the consequencesof this process and its consideration in design to support to decision making.An experiment based on reinforced concrete demonstration portals frames has enabledcorroboration of these three lines of research by generating missing data in literature. Thispractical analysis of column-beam assembly has generated technical data on the structuralbehavior after reuse, but also environmental data for implementation and deconstruction.This research offers subsequently a methodology based on a chain of tools to enable engineersto design reversible construction assemblies within a reusable structure, to secure the necessaryinformation in the BIM model coupled with physical traceability, to build a bank of materials andto enhance design through a stock of load-bearing elements. The study thus distinguishes"design with a stock" which aims to combine as many available elements as possible, from"design from a stock" which leads to the reuse of 100% of the elements and thus presents a newparadigm for the designer.At the same time, the environmental impacts of the reuse process are studied using a life cycleassessment (LCA). A sensitivity study, based among other things on the number of uses and thelifespan, in comparison to equivalent new constructions, provides a better understanding of theareas of interest of the DfReu. Consideration of criteria specific to the circular economy inbuildings completes the definition of reuse criteria. In the end, environmental studies establishunder which conditions reuse reduces the impact of a building and identify the key parameters.The results obtained are primarily intended for structural engineers but more broadly fordesigners part of the project management: architects, engineers and environmental designoffices, in order to offer and encourage the study of variants anticipating the reusability of newlydesigned buildings. By extension, the results can also be used in projects involving existingbuildings.Dans un contexte de pression environnementale intense oĂč le secteur de la construction dans le monde a le plus grand impact sur plusieurs indicateurs, le rĂ©emploi des Ă©lĂ©ments porteurs est le plus prometteur pour Ă©viter significativement la production de dĂ©chets, prĂ©server les ressources naturelles et rĂ©duire les Ă©missions de gaz Ă effet de serre par la diminution de l'Ă©nergie grise. Cette thĂšse porte donc sur trois principaux axes de recherches : 1. lâamĂ©lioration de la conception structurale par des typologies favorables en dĂ©finissant le DfReu (Design for Reuse) afin dâanticiper la mise en Ćuvre dâĂ©lĂ©ments porteurs (verticaux et horizontaux) dĂ©montables et rĂ©employables en fin de vie, dâallonger leur durĂ©e de vie, in fine en augmentant le stock dâĂ©lĂ©ments disponibles au rĂ©emploi 2. le dĂ©veloppement dâune mĂ©thodologie pour la mise en place dâune traçabilitĂ© renforcĂ©e et pĂ©renne autour dâune banque de matĂ©riaux et du BIM afin de disposer de toutes les caractĂ©ristiques, notamment physico-mĂ©caniques, des Ă©lĂ©ments porteurs et de faciliter les processus de rĂ©emploi et lâengagement dâune nouvelle responsabilitĂ© pour lâingĂ©nieur rĂ©employeur 3. Lâidentification des paramĂštres clĂ©s influençant les impacts environnementaux propres au rĂ©emploi et le dĂ©veloppement dâanalyses de sensibilitĂ©, permettant une meilleure comprĂ©hension des consĂ©quences de ce processus et de sa prise en compte lors de la conception, appuyant lâaide Ă la dĂ©cision. Une expĂ©rimentation fondĂ©e sur des portiques dĂ©monstrateurs en bĂ©ton armĂ© a permis de corroborer ces trois axes en gĂ©nĂ©rant des donnĂ©es manquantes dans la littĂ©rature. Cette analyse pratique de lâassemblage poteau-poutre a produit des donnĂ©es techniques sur le comportement structural aprĂšs rĂ©emploi, mais aussi des donnĂ©es environnementales de mise en Ćuvre et dĂ©construction. Ce travail propose alors une mĂ©thodologie fondĂ©e sur une chaĂźne d'outils pour permettre aux ingĂ©nieurs de concevoir des assemblages rĂ©versibles au sein dâune structure rĂ©employable, de pĂ©renniser les informations nĂ©cessaires dans la maquette BIM doublĂ©es dâune traçabilitĂ© physique, de mettre en place une banque de matĂ©riaux et dâoptimiser la conception Ă partir dâun stock dâĂ©lĂ©ments porteurs. LâĂ©tude distingue ainsi la "conception avec un stock" qui vise Ă intĂ©grer le plus grand nombre possible d'Ă©lĂ©ments disponibles, de la "conception Ă partir d'un stock" qui conduit au rĂ©emploi de 100% des Ă©lĂ©ments et propose ainsi un nouveau paradigme pour le concepteur. ParallĂšlement, les impacts environnementaux du processus de rĂ©emploi sont Ă©tudiĂ©s Ă partir dâune analyse du cycle de vie (ACV). Une analyse de sensibilitĂ© dĂ©clinant, entre autres, le nombre dâusages et la durĂ©e de vie, en comparaison de constructions neuves Ă©quivalentes, permet de mieux apprĂ©hender les domaines d'intĂ©rĂȘt du DfReu. La prise en compte de critĂšres spĂ©cifiques Ă lâĂ©conomie circulaire dans le bĂątiment complĂšte la dĂ©finition des critĂšres de rĂ©employabilitĂ©. LâĂ©tude environnementale montre finalement dans quelles conditions le rĂ©emploi diminue lâimpact dâun bĂątiment, et identifie les paramĂštres clĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus sâadressent en premier lieu aux ingĂ©nieurs structure mais plus largement aux concepteurs membres de la maĂźtrise dâĆuvre : architectes, ingĂ©nieurs et bureaux dâĂ©tudes spĂ©cialisĂ©s en environnement, afin de proposer et dâinciter lâĂ©tude de variantes anticipant la rĂ©employabilitĂ© des bĂątiments nouvellement conçus. Les rĂ©sultats sont, par extension, Ă©galement exploitables dans les projets intervenant sur lâexistant
Simulação numĂ©rica da injeção cĂclica de vapor em reservatĂłrios de Ăłleo pesado
Os simuladores tĂ©rmicos geralmente fornecem dados a partir de dois conjuntos de funçÔes da permeabilidade relativa, tais como: (1) krow e krw para um sistema ĂĄgua-Ăłleo e (2) krog e krg em um sistema Ăłleo-gĂĄs. Dentro do simulador, os dados de permeabilidade relativa sĂŁo utilizados para avaliar a permeabilidade efetiva de cada fase, quando todas os 3 fluidos estĂŁo fluindo simultaneamente no bloco. Neste trabalho Ă© apresentada uma anĂĄlise numĂ©rica e teĂłrica dos modelos de permeabilidade relativa para um problema de injeção cĂclica de vapor. Foram criados cinco modelos distintos, utilizando algumas das correlaçÔes disponĂveis na literatura. Visto que, as permeabilidades relativas sĂŁo diretamente proporcionais Ă s saturaçÔes dos fluidos (ĂĄgua e gĂĄs), foram supostos alguns valores de saturação de ĂĄgua e de lĂquido, de modo a construir a tabela a ser inserida no programa. Essa tabela, foi a Ășnica modificação realizada para a simulação dos cinco modelos. ApĂłs a simulação, foram analisados os grĂĄficos gerados. A anĂĄlise mostrou que a escolha do modelo para o cĂĄlculo da permeabilidade relativa afeta a previsĂŁo da produção de Ăłleo.Thermal Simulators usually supply data in terms of two sets of relative permeability functions: (1) krow e krw in a water-oil system and (2) krg e krog in an oil-gas system. Within the thermal simulator relative permeabilities are used to predict effective permeability of each phase when three fluid are flowing at the same time in a block. In this work is presented theoretical and numerical analyses of relative permeability models for a cyclic steam injection problem. Five different models were created using some correlations available in the literature. As relative permeabilities are directly proportional to fluid saturations (water and gas), some water and liquid saturation values were supposed to build the table to be inserted in the program. After the simulation, the generated graphs were analysed. The analysis shows that the choice model for calculating the relative permeability affect the prediction of oil production
Réemploi et Préfabrication, en quoi la préfabrication engendre-t-elle un potentiel et une source de réemploi en architecture ?
International audienceThe building and construction activity produces the most part of waste. The construction industry must align itself with the issues of sustainable development. The architect must take on his responsibility in this process. In order to react to this situation, the environmental priorities must take precedence over economic priorities. The disassembly capability and the deconstruction will become critical issues in the more or less short term. Our duty as architects is to preempt the depletion of resources and begin to act now. Through the proposal of re-employment developed in this report, a number of provisions are highlighted and can be applied by any designer. It integrates the ability to disassemble the buildings, by allowing both adaptability, and also their future dismantling in order to recover materials and reuse them in new projects. The introduction of reversible assemblies that do not damage the material or its features, must be integrated as of today. Regulatory aspects and controls are also discussed to make concrete proposals. We must be aware of the material we use today and which will be left to future generations. We must also raise the question of the future of complex materials from which we cannot separate the different components, and which will be permanently lost. Reuse combines both convictions and design process. Currently, it requires a lot of manpower in particular to replace the demolition system with that of deconstruction. But at a time when unemployment strikes our society, it could be a way to create jobs locally. This work is not a plea for reuse but a concrete proposal, applicable immediately to prevent the imminent exhaustion of resources.L'activitĂ© du bĂątiment et de la construction produit une large majoritĂ© des dĂ©chets. Lâindustrie de la construction doit sâaccorder avec les problĂ©matiques de dĂ©veloppement durable. Lâarchitecte a une part de responsabilitĂ© dans ce processus. Pour agir, les prioritĂ©s environnementales doivent prendre le pas sur les prioritĂ©s Ă©conomiques. La dĂ©montabilitĂ© et la dĂ©construction vont devenir des enjeux cruciaux Ă plus ou moins court terme. Notre devoir dâarchitecte est dâanticiper cet Ă©puisement des ressources et de commencer Ă agir maintenant. Ă travers la proposition de rĂ©emploi dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans ce mĂ©moire, un certain nombre de dispositions sont mises en exergue et peuvent ĂȘtre appliquĂ©es par tout concepteur. Il sâagit dâintĂ©grer la possibilitĂ© de dĂ©monter les ouvrages, Ă la fois pour en permettre lâadaptabilitĂ©, mais aussi leur futur dĂ©mantĂšlement afin de rĂ©cupĂ©rer les matĂ©riaux et les rĂ©utiliser dans de nouveaux projets. La mise en place dâassemblages rĂ©versibles, qui nâabĂźment pas la matiĂšre ni ses caractĂ©ristiques, doit ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©e dĂšs aujourdâhui. Les aspects rĂ©glementaires et de contrĂŽles sont Ă©galement abordĂ©s pour rendre concrĂštes les propositions. Nous devons ĂȘtre conscients de la matiĂšre que nous utilisons aujourdâhui et qui sera laissĂ©e aux gĂ©nĂ©rations futures. Il faut se poser la question du devenir des matĂ©riaux complexes dont on ne pourra pas sĂ©parer les diffĂ©rents composants et qui seront dĂ©finitivement perdus. Le rĂ©emploi rĂ©unit Ă la fois des convictions et des processus de conception. Actuellement, il demande beaucoup de main dâĆuvre notamment pour passer du systĂšme de dĂ©molition Ă la dĂ©construction. Mais Ă lâheure oĂč le chĂŽmage frappe notre sociĂ©tĂ©, ce peut ĂȘtre un moyen de crĂ©er des emplois locaux. Ce travail nâest pas un plaidoyer en faveur du rĂ©emploi mais une proposition concrĂšte, applicable immĂ©diatement pour prĂ©venir lâimminent Ă©puisement des ressources
Assessing the Role of Wooden Vessels, Basketry, and Pottery at the Early Neolithic Site of La Draga (Banyoles, Spain)
Organic containers are rarely preserved in archaeological contexts. As a result, the work involved in their production and their functions remains invisible unlike other containers commonly better represented, such as pottery. The early Neolithic site of La Draga (5300-4900 cal BC), located on the shore of the Lake Banyoles (Spain), has provided several containers made of wood and plant fibres besides a significant amount of ceramic remains. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the vessels at La Draga to assess the importance of organic containers in a context where pottery technology is well known and employed for several functions. The importance of the different types of containers in the context of this farming society is assessed through the analysis of the number of remains, their sizes and shapes, and their spatial distribution. The exceptional preservation of the organic vessels allows comparisons to generate hypotheses about their function. Wooden containers are associated with consumption, while baskets may have been used to transport or store foodstuff, and ceramic vessels also for cooking. The spatial distribution of basketry remains tends to show an area that could be linked to the storage of cereals
Construction, déconstruction, réemploi de la structure : le numérique au service de l'économie circulaire
GC'2019 , Le Génie Civil au coeur des mutations technologiques et numériques, Le BIM : un outil Multiservice, Cachan, FRANCE, 20-/03/2019 - 21/03/201
Construction, deconstruction, reuse of the structural elements: the circular economy to reach zero carbon
SBE series 19, Sustainable Built Environment Conference 2019, Graz, AUSTRIA, 11-/09/2019 - 14/09/2019The research work presented aims at setting up an infinite cycle of use of materials by their reuse and answering in particular to the problems of circular economy. Structural work and foundations represent the majority of the embodied energy of a building. The research effort is therefore focused on the structural elements. Reuse is here defined as the reuse of an element without transformation, unlike recycling which induces a new industrial cycle. It is therefore about reducing the consumption of materials and lowering GHG emissions. Today, it is impossible in France to reuse structures because of responsibilities, insurance and lack of traceability. How to make possible the reuse of structural components in order to reach a lowcarbon building? The challenge of this work is to find the best structural configuration making the components reuse easier at the EOL. The methodology we are implementing aims to design the structural elements by increasing the BIM parameters (6D, LCA), to attach the mechanical information, material durability, ageing to each object of the digital mock-up. A digital and physical traceability makes it possible to follow the evolution of the element over the years and to feed a database. At the end of its life the database is accessible and searchable for the design of a future building. A development of tools and gateways will then allow from a model of calculation to go to query the database to find an element resulting from the deconstruction that can be reused in the future structure