Modelling and Optimisation of Laser-Structured Battery Electrodes

An electrochemical multi-scale model framework for the simulation of arbitrarily three-dimensional structured electrodes for lithium-ion batteries is presented. For the parameterisation, the electrodes are structured via laser ablation, and the model is fit to four different, experimentally electrochemically tested cells. The parameterised model is used to optimise the parameters of three different pattern designs, namely linear, gridwise, and pinhole geometries. The simulations are performed via a finite element implementation in two and three dimensions. The presented model is well suited to depict the experimental cells, and the virtual optimisation delivers optimal geometrical parameters for different C-rates based on the respective discharge capacities. These virtually optimised cells will help in the reduction of prototyping cost and speed up production process parameterisation

Simultaneous in vivo positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used in vivo imaging technologies with both clinical and biomedical research applications. The strengths of MRI include high-resolution, high-contrast morphologic imaging of soft tissues; the ability to image physiologic parameters such as diffusion and changes in oxygenation level resulting from neuronal stimulation; and the measurement of metabolites using chemical shift imaging. PET images the distribution of biologically targeted radiotracers with high sensitivity, but images generally lack anatomic context and are of lower spatial resolution. Integration of these technologies permits the acquisition of temporally correlated data showing the distribution of PET radiotracers and MRI contrast agents or MR-detectable metabolites, with registration to the underlying anatomy. An MRI-compatible PET scanner has been built for biomedical research applications that allows data from both modalities to be acquired simultaneously. Experiments demonstrate no effect of the MRI system on the spatial resolution of the PET system and <10% reduction in the fraction of radioactive decay events detected by the PET scanner inside the MRI. The signal-to-noise ratio and uniformity of the MR images, with the exception of one particular pulse sequence, were little affected by the presence of the PET scanner. In vivo simultaneous PET and MRI studies were performed in mice. Proof-of-principle in vivo MR spectroscopy and functional MRI experiments were also demonstrated with the combined scanner

Feasibility of simultaneous PET/MR imaging in the head and upper neck area

Objective: The aim of this pilot study was to test and demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and upper neck area using a new hybrid PET/MRI system. Methods: Eight patients with malignant head and neck tumours were included in the pilot study. Directly after routine PET/CT imaging with a whole-body system using the glucose derivative 2-[18F]fluoro-2deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) as a radiotracer additional measurements were performed with a prototype PET/MRI system for simultaneous PET and MR imaging. Physiological radiotracer uptake within regular anatomical structures as well as tumour uptake were evaluated visually and semiquantitatively (metabolic ratios) in relation to cerebellar uptake on the PET/MRI and PET/CT systems. Results: The MR datasets showed excellent image quality without any recognisable artefacts caused by the inserted PET system. PET images obtained with the PET/MRI system exhibited better detailed resolution and greater image contrast in comparison to those from the PET/CT system. An excellent agreement between metabolic ratios obtained with both PET systems was found: R = 0.99 for structures with physiological tracer uptake, R = 0.96 for tumours. Conclusion: Simultaneous PET/MRI of the head and upper neck area is feasible with the new hybrid PET/MRI prototyp

Funktionalisierte Kohlenstoffnanoröhren: Materialforschung in der Nanowelt

Thanks to their extraordinary properties, carbon nanotubes reveal a promising potential for applications on the nanometre scale. When filled with metals or ferromagnets, nano-wires and magnets with a protecting carbon shell are realised. Different synthesis routes are described, such as laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition. Probes for magnetic force microscopy based on ironfilled carbon nanotubes are presented, and demonstrate a high spatial resolution, with the carbon shells at the same time providing effective wear resistance. We show also the potential of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications, in particular their suitability as magnetic nano-heaters, drug-carrier systems or sensors for diagnostic and therapeutic usage on the cellular level.Außergewöhnliche Materialeigenschaften machen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren zu einem vielseitigen nanoskaligen Werkstoff. Füllt man sie zum Beispiel mit metallischen oder ferromagnetischen Materialien, so ergeben sich durch eine Kohlenstoffhülle geschützte „Nano- Kabel“ oder Nano-Magnete. Neben verschiedenen Syntheseverfahren wie der Laserablation und der Chemischen Gasphasenabscheidung werden grundlegende physikalische Eigenschaften sowie Anwendungen in der Messtechnik und in der Medizin vorgestellt. In der Magnetkraftmikroskopie versprechen magnetisch gefüllte Kohlenstoffnanoröhren eine hohe laterale Auflösung bei gleichzeitigem Schutz des magnetischen Messsensors durch die Außenhülle. Im Bereich der biomedizinischen Anwendungen stellen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren ein nanoskaliges Transportmedium dar, das zum Transfer von Funktionsmaterialien in einzelne Zellen, zum Beispiel für magnetische Sensorik oder für Medikamententransporte, angewendet werden kann

Significant impact of different oxygen breathing conditions on noninvasive in vivo tumor-hypoxia imaging using [18F]-fluoro-azomycinarabino-furanoside ([18F]FAZA)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>[¹⁸F]FAZA is a PET biomarker with great potential for imaging tumor hypoxia. Aim of our study was to compare [¹⁸F]FAZA uptake in mice with subcutaneous exogenous CT26 colon carcinomas and endogenous polyoma middle-T (PyV-mT) mammary carcinomas and to analyze the influence of different breathing protocols in CT26 colon carcinomas as well as the reversibility or irreversibility of [¹⁸F]FAZA uptake.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We injected subcutaneous CT26 colon carcinoma or polyomavirus middle-T (PyV-mT) mammary carcinoma-bearing mice intravenously with¹⁸F-FAZA and performed PET scans 1-3 h post injection (<it>p.i.</it>). To analyze the impact of oxygen supply in CT26 carcinomas we used three different breathing protocols: (P0) air; (P1) 100% oxygen 1 h prior injection until 3 h <it>p.i.</it>; (P2) 100% oxygen breathing starting 2 min prior tracer injection until 1 h <it>p.i. </it>and during the PET scans; mice were breathing air between the 2 h and 3 h 10 min static scans. Normalized PET images were analyzed by using defined regions of interest. Finally, some mice were dissected for pimonidazole immunohistochemistry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was no difference in¹⁸F-FAZA uptake 1-3 h <it>p.i. </it>between the two carcinoma types (CT26: 1.58 ± 0.45%ID/cc; PyV-mT: 1.47 ± 0.89%ID/cc, 1 h <it>p.i.</it>, tumor size < 0.5 cm³). We measured a significant tracer clearance, which was more pronounced in muscle tissue (P0). The [¹⁸F]FAZA tumor-to-muscle-ratios in CT26 colon carcinoma-bearing mice 2 h and 3 h, but not 1 h <it>p.i. </it>were significantly higher when the mice breathed air (P0: 3.56 ± 0.55, 3 h) compared to the oxygen breathing protocols (P1: 2.45 ± 0.58; P2: 2.77 ± 0.42, 3 h). Surprisingly, the breathing protocols P1 and P2 showed no significant differences in T/M ratios, thus indicating that the crucial [¹⁸F]FAZA uptake phase is during the first hour after [¹⁸F]FAZA injection. Importantly, the muscle clearance was not affected by the different oxygen breathing conditions while the tumor clearance was lower when mice were breathing air.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Exogenous CT26 colon carcinomas and endogenous polyoma middle-T (PyV-mT) mammary carcinomas showed no differences in [¹⁸F]FAZA uptake 1-3 h <it>p.i. </it>Our analysis using various breathing protocols with air (P0) and with pure oxygen (P1, P2) clearly indicate that [¹⁸F]FAZA is an appropriate PET biomarker for <it>in vivo </it>analysis of hypoxia revealing an enhanced tracer uptake in tumors with reduced oxygen supply. [¹⁸F]FAZA uptake was independent of tumor-type.</p

Pre-clinical imaging of invasive candidiasis using ImmunoPET/MR

This is the final version of the article. Available from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this record.The human commensal yeast Candida is the 4th most common cause of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections, with C. albicans accounting for the majority of the >400,000 life-threatening infections annually. Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis (IC), a disease encompassing candidemia (blood-borne yeast infection) and deep-seated organ infections, is a major challenge since clinical manifestations of the disease are indistinguishable from viral, bacterial and other fungal diseases, and diagnostic tests for biomarkers in the bloodstream such as PCR, ELISA and pan-fungal β-D-glucan lack either standardisation, sensitivity or specificity. Blood culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but test sensitivity is poor and turn-around time slow. Furthermore, cultures can only be obtained when the yeast resides in the bloodstream, with samples recovered from hematogenous infections often yielding negative results. Consequently, there is a pressing need for a diagnostic test that allows the identification of metastatic foci in deep-seated Candida infections, without the need for invasive biopsy. Here, we report the development of a highly specific mouse IgG3 monoclonal antibody (MC3) that binds to a putative β-1,2-mannan epitope present in high molecular weight mannoproteins and phospholipomannans on the surface of yeast and hyphal morphotypes of C. albicans, and its use as a [64Cu]NODAGA-labeled tracer for whole-body pre-clinical imaging of deep-seated C. albicans infections using antibody-guided positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (immunoPET/MRI). When used in a mouse intravenous (i.v.) challenge model that faithfully mimics disseminated C. albicans infections in humans, the [64Cu]NODAGA-MC3 tracer accurately detects infections of the kidney, the principal site of blood-borne candidiasis. Using a strain of the emerging human pathogen Candida auris that reacts with MC3 in vitro, but which is non-infective in i.v. challenged mice, we demonstrate the accuracy of the tracer in diagnosing invasive infections in vivo. This pre-clinical study demonstrates the principle of antibody-guided molecular imaging for detection of deep organ infections in IC, without the need for invasive tissue biopsy.This work was supported, in part, by the European Union Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 under grant 602820