Incorporación de servicios eco sistémicos en la sostenibilidad de un entorno doméstico ubicado en la parroquia Mulalillo – Cotopaxi

The present research work carries out the analysis of sustainability in a domestic environment at Mulalillo Parish. The lined flow of energy and nutrients has contributed to family members migrating from the rural sector looking for resources. The reduced access to traditional livelihoods makes domestic life unsustainable due to the high dependence on external nutrients with materials that become waste. This has transformed the domestic environment into consumers of products and services with non-renewable energy, affecting the environment and the economy. Nutrient limitations in agricultural plots have stimulated the adoption of external mechanisms dependent on technologies that affect the environment, metabolism and the dynamic composition of the system. The service of public networks of energy, drinking water and wastewater treatment exploit and concentrate the natural processes, the same ones that require treatments with expensive technology that pay for these services supported by taxes. If productive and reproductive operations are carried out in a domestic environment with the use of services dependent on the public and private sectors, those who provide energy through expensive fossil fuels with the emission of greenhouse gases, we modify climatic trends, reduce the capacity to produce food with serious complications in the environment and family health. With the field evaluation in the locality, the necessary information was obtained through surveys evaluating the flow of nutrients and external and internal energies. Through the analysis we determined that the families of the upper area of the Mulalillo Parish have a high dependence on external sources of nutrients and energy, raising the socio-ecological impact looking for resources for domestic sustainability, causing a high migration of family members and reducing the ability to exercise their rights.El presente trabajo de investigación realizó el análisis de la sostenibilidad en un entorno doméstico en la Parroquia Mulatillo sector zona alta. El flujo lineal de energía y nutrientes ha contribuido para que miembros de la familia migren del sector rural en busca de recursos. El acceso reducido a los medios de subsistencia tradicional, hacen que la vida doméstica sea insostenible por la alta dependencia de nutrientes externos con materiales que se convierten en desechos. Esto ha transformado al entorno doméstico en consumidores de productos y servicios con energía no renovable afectando al ambiente y la economía. Las limitaciones de nutrientes en las parcelas agrícolas han estimulado que se recurra a la adopción de mecanismos externos dependientes de tecnologías que afectan al ambiente, metabolismo y a la composición dinámica del sistema. El servicio de redes públicas de energía, de agua potable y tratamiento de aguas residuales explotan y concentran los procesos naturales, los mismos que requieren de tratamientos con tecnología costosa que se pagan estos servicios apoyados en impuestos. Si se realizan operaciones productivas y reproductivas en un entorno doméstico con la utilización de servicios dependientes del sector público y privado, quienes proporcionan energía mediante combustibles fósiles caros con la emisión de gases efecto invernadero modificamos tendencias climáticas, se reduce la capacidad de producir alimento con graves complicaciones en el ambiente y la salud familiar. Con la evaluación de campo en la localidad se obtuvo la información necesaria mediante encuestas evaluando los flujos de nutrientes y energías externos e internos. Mediante el análisis determinamos que las familias de la zona alta de la Parroquia Mulalillo tienen una alta dependencia en fuentes externas de nutrientes y energía elevando el impacto socio ecológico en la búsqueda de recursos para sustentabilidad doméstica provocando una alta migración de los miembros de la familia y reduciendo la capacidad de ejercer sus derechos

Evaluación de Productos de Precipitación Satelital sobre la Cuenca del Lago Titicaca

Resumen Los productos de precipitación satelital (PPS), proporcionan una fuente alternativa para aplicaciones hidrometeorológicas principalmente en áreas donde los datos de precipitación son limitados. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar los PPS para cuantificar la incertidumbre en la estimación de la precipitación. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el desempeño de los PPS GSMaP-G-NRT, PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN-CDR y PERSIANN sobre la cuenca del Lago Titicaca (CLT). Para la evaluación de los PPS se utilizaron tres métricas de desempeño que evaluaron la precisión (coeficiente de correlación, CC), error (raíz del error cuadrático medio, RMSE) y sesgo (sesgo porcentual, PBIAS). Los resultados indican que PERSIANN-CDR y PERSIANN-CCS son los productos que muestran una mayor concordancia con las mediciones de pluviómetros, pero con un gran sesgo para PERSIANN-CCS. Los hallazgos proporcionan una idea del rendimiento de PPS en la CLT que contribuye a posibles direcciones de mejora de los algoritmos para un mejor servicio en aplicaciones hidrometeorológicas

Chemodivergent Manganese-Catalyzed C–H Activation: Modular Synthesis of Fluorogenic Probes

Bioorthogonal diversification of peptides is generally dependent on impractical prefunctionalization methods. Here, the authors develop a manganese(I)-catalyzed C–H fluorescent labeling with BODIPY probes, which enables the development of activatable fluorophores to image cell function

A tumor-targeted trimeric 4-1BB-agonistic antibody induces potent anti-tumor immunity without systemic toxicity

The costimulation of immune cells using first-generation anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in human trials. Further clinical development, however, is restricted by significant off-tumor toxicities associated with Fc gamma R interactions. Here, we have designed an Fc-free tumor-targeted 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody, 1D8(N)/(C)EGa1, consisting of three anti-4-1BB single-chain variable fragments and three anti-EGFR single-domain antibodies positioned in an extended hexagonal conformation around the collagen XVIII homotrimerization domain. The1D8(N)/(C)EGa1 trimerbody demonstrated high-avidity binding to 4-1BB and EGFR and a potent in vitro costimulatory capacity in the presence of EGFR. The trimerbody rapidly accumulates in EGFR-positive tumors and exhibits anti-tumor activity similar to IgG-based 4-1BB-agonistic mAbs. Importantly, treatment with 1D8(N)/(C)EGa1 does not induce systemic inflammatory cytokine production or hepatotoxicity associated with IgG-based 4-1BB agonists. These results implicate Fc gamma R interactions in the 4-1BB-agonist-associated immune abnormalities, and promote the use of the non-canonical antibody presented in this work for safe and effective costimulatory strategies in cancer immunotherapy

Cambios proyectados de los recursos hídricos bajo escenarios de emisiones RCP4.5 y 8.5 de modelos climáticos globales del CMIP5 en el Altiplano Peruano

The research was conducted in the area of the Peruvian altiplano with the aim to assess changes in the availability of water resources under emission scenarios Global Climate Models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). The spatio-temporal precipitation distribution was taken as reference climatology 1971 - 2000 and its projections for the horizon 2071 - 2100, also for simulating flows conceptual hydrological model of Rural Engineering 2 parameters are used, whose evaluations statistics were measured through efficiency Nash and Sutcliffe. The Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator versions 1.0 and 1.3 (ACCESS1.0 and 1.3) and Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate version 5 (MIROC5), adequately simulated the seasonal cycle of precipitation and based results, changes in rainfall for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and 8.5) at the end of the XXI century, indicate a slight increase of annual rainfall of the basin Ramis and a decrease for the Ilave basin. Is thus that variations in rainfall are also reflected in the flows, concluding that the largest decreases of water resources would be given for the Ilave basin, with slight increases in annual average for the basin Ramis.Keywords: Peruvian altiplano, climate change, climate scenarios, water availability.La investigación, se realizó en el ámbito del altiplano Peruano, con el objetivo de evaluar los cambios en la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico bajo escenarios de emisiones de Modelos Climáticos Globales (MCG) del Proyecto de Intercomparación de Modelos Acoplados Fase 5 (CMIP5). La distribución espacio-temporal de la precipitación, se tomó como referencia la climatología 1971 – 2000 y sus proyecciones para el horizonte 2071 – 2100, así mismo para la simulación de caudales se utilizó el modelo hidrológico conceptual de Ingeniería Rural de 2 parámetros, cuyas evaluaciones estadísticas se midieron a través de la eficiencia de Nash y Sutcliffe. El Simulador del Sistema Terrestre y el Clima de la Comunidad Australiana versiones 1.0 y 1.3 (ACCESS1.0 y 1.3) y el Modelo para la Investigación Interdisciplinaria sobre el Clima versión 5 (MIROC5), simularon adecuadamente el ciclo estacional de la precipitación y en base a los resultados, los cambios de precipitaciones para los caminos de concentración representativas (RCP4.5 y 8.5) a finales del siglo XXI, indican un ligero incremento de la precipitación anual en la cuenca Ramis y una disminución para la cuenca Ilave. Es así que las variaciones de las precipitaciones son también reflejadas en los caudales, concluyéndose que las mayores disminuciones del recurso hídrico se darían para la cuenca Ilave, con incrementos ligeros en promedio anual para la cuenca Ramis.Palabras clave: Altiplano Peruano, cambio climático, escenarios climáticos, disponibilidad hídrica

Effect of freeze-drying and production process on the chemical composition and fatty acids profile of avocado pulp [Efecto del liofilizado y del proceso de producci�n en la composici�n qu�mica y el perfil de �cidos grasos de la pulpa de aguacate]

Freeze-drying technology is the best dehydration process to preserve shelf-life and allowing avocado to maintain its sensorial and nutritional characteristics. The aim of this work was to determine if the freeze-drying and production condition have an effect on the nutritional quality of the avocado pulp grown in rain-fed and irrigation orchards. Four treatments were applied: non-freezedried rain-fed fruits, non-freeze-dried irrigation fruits, freeze-dried rain-fed fruits and freeze-dried irrigation fruits. Results showed that the fruit is made up of 71.4%, 16%, and 12.6% pulp, seed and skin, respectively. The pulp is made up of 71.51%, 19.96%, 2.81%, 0.51% and 1.51% water, lipids, ashes, crude fiber and protein, respectively. Avocado oil is composed by 61%, 18.8%, 11.6% and 7% oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and palmitoleic fatty acids, respectively. The freeze-drying decreased the linoleic acid by 1.43 g/100g. Under rain-fed conditions 4% and 13% less total fat and oleic fatty acid are produced than in irrigation conditions. We conclude that freeze-dried avocado pulp shows slight changes in their nutritional quality. � 2014, Sociedad Chilena de Nutricion Bromatologia y Toxilogica. All rights reserved

A tumor-targeted trimeric 4-1BB-agonistic antibody induces potent anti-tumor immunity without systemic toxicity

The costimulation of immune cells using first-generation anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in human trials. Further clinical development, however, is restricted by significant off-tumor toxicities associated with FcγR interactions. Here, we have designed an Fc-free tumor-targeted 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody, 1D8N/CEGa1, consisting of three anti-4-1BB single-chain variable fragments and three anti-EGFR single-domain antibodies positioned in an extended hexagonal conformation around the collagen XVIII homotrimerization domain. The1D8N/CEGa1 trimerbody demonstrated high-avidity binding to 4-1BB and EGFR and a potent in vitro costimulatory capacity in the presence of EGFR. The trimerbody rapidly accumulates in EGFR-positive tumors and exhibits anti-tumor activity similar to IgG-based 4-1BB-agonistic mAbs. Importantly, treatment with 1D8N/CEGa1 does not induce systemic inflammatory cytokine production or hepatotoxicity associated with IgG-based 4-1BB agonists. These results implicate FcγR interactions in the 4-1BB-agonist-associated immune abnormalities, and promote the use of the non-canonical antibody presented in this work for safe and effective costimulatory strategies in cancer immunotherapy