Detection solution analysis for simplistic spoofing attacks in commercial mini and micro UAVs

Enamus droone kasutab lennundusest pärit GPS navigatsiooniseadmeid, millel puuduvad turvaprotokollid ning nende riskioht pahatahtlike rünnakute sihtmärgina on kasvanud hüppeliselt lähimineviku arengute ja progressi tõttu SDR ja GNSS simulatsioonitarkvara valdkonnas. See on loonud ligipääsu tehnikale amatöörkasutajatele, millel on saatja aadressi võltsimise jõudlus. Need potensiaalsed rünnakud kuuluvad lihtsakoeliste kategooriasse, kuid selle uurimustöö tulemusena selgus, et nendes rünnakute edukuses on olulised erinevused teatud GPS vastuvõtjate ja konfiguratsioonide vahel. \n\rSee uurimustöö analüüsis erinevaid saatja aadressi võltsimise avastamise meetodeid, mis olid avatud kasutajatele ning valis välja need, mis on sobilikud mini- ja mikrodroonide tehnonõuetele ja operatsioonistsenaariumitele, eesmärgiga pakkuda välja GPS aadresside rünnakute avastamiseks rakenduste tasandil avatud allikakoodiga Ground Control Station tarkvara SDK. Avastuslahenduse eesmärk on jälgida ja kinnitada äkilisi, abnormaalseid või ebaloogilisi tulemväärtusi erinevates drooni sensiorites lisaallkatest pärit lisainfoga. \n\rLäbiviidud testid kinnitavad, et olenevalt olukorrast ja tingimustest saavad saatja aadressi võltsimise rünnakud õnnestuda. Rünnakud piiravad GPS mehanismide ligipääsu, mida saab kasutada rünnakute avastuseks. Neid rünnakuid puudutav info asetseb infovoos või GPSi signaalprotsessi tasandis, kuid seda infot ei saa haarata tasandile kus SDK tarkvara haldab kõigi teiste sensorite infot.Most of UAVs are GPS navigation based aircrafts that rely on a system with lack of security, their latent risk against malicious attacks has been raised with the recent progress and development in SDRs and GNSS simulation software, facilitating to amateurs the accessibility of equipment with spoofing capabilities. The attacks which can be done with this setup belong to the category simplistic, however, during this thesis work there are validated different cases of successful results under certain GPS receivers’ state or configuration.\n\rThis work analysis several spoofing detection methods found in the open literature, and selects the ones which can be suitable for mini and micro UAV technical specifications and operational scenario, for proposing a GPS spoofing detection solution developed in the application layer of an open source code Ground Control Station software SDK. The detection solution is intended to monitor and correlate abrupt, abnormal or unreasonable values of different sensors of the UAV with data obtained from available additional sources.\n\rThe conducted tests validate the cases and circumstances where the spoofing attacks were successful. Limitations include the lack of mechanisms to access GPS values which can be useful for detection spoofing attacks, but reside in the data bit or signal processing layer of the GPS and can not be retrieve to the layer where the SDK in computing all data of other sensors

A Look at Sovereign Credit Ratings and Their Determinants Throughout the Financial Crisis

The determinants of sovereign credit rating are becoming increasingly more important as many rating agencies have been more active in adjusting their ratings. Our paper analyzed the determinants based on Standard & Poor’s sovereign credit ratings, for the period 1995-2009. Using a linear regression framework, we examined several variables under the political, economic, external, fiscal and monetary categories. The relationship between each determinant was analyzed by isolating each credit rating, and by further employing transformation on specific variables. The results indicate a good performance of the estimated model with a high level of fit. GDP per capita, inflation, default history and advanced economic regions have a significant impact on a country’s credit rating

Laboratory Study on the Use of Tire Shreds and Rubber-Sand in Backfilled and Reinforced Soil Applications

Millions of scrap tires are discarded annually in the United States, the bulk of which are currently landfilled or stockpiled. This consumes valuable landfill space, or, if improperly disposed, creates a fire hazard and provides a prolific breeding ground for rats and mosquitoes. The use of tire shreds as lightweight fill material can sharply reduce the tire disposal problem. The present study, based on laboratory testing and numerical modeling examines the feasibility of incorporating tire shreds and rubber-sand mixtures as lightweight geomaterial in embankments and backfills. The growing interest in utilizing waste materials in civil engineering applications has opened the possibility of using reinforced soil structures wit non-conventional backfills. The laboratory testing program of the present study includes the determination of volumetric behavior of rubber-sand mixtures with geogrids and geotextiles through pull-out and direct shear tests. The test results have been used to perform numerical modeling of tire shred and rubber-sand backfills in walls. It has been found that the use of tire shreds and rubber-sand (with a tire shred to mix ratio about 40%) in highway construction offers technical, economic, and environmental benefits. The salient benefits of using tire shreds and rubber-sand include reduced weight of fill, adequate stability, low settlements, good drainage (avoiding the development of pore water pressure during loading), separation of underlying weak or problem soils from subbase or base materials conservation of energy and natural resources, and usage of large quantities of local waste tires, which would have a positive impact on the environment

Integrating Bogota with Los Cerros Orientales

Thesis (S.M. in Architecture Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).Los Cerros Orientales, a ridge of mountains that spans the eastern edge of Bogota are the most iconic and monumental feature of the city. They were also critical in the city's history as they provided the resources to support the original settlements, supplied the materials to build the city and dictated its urban form. Because of their symbolism and visual prominence preservation policies have been implemented to protect them from urbanization. Starting in 1977 the government instituted an urban growth boundary to prevent urbanization in Los Cerros. However, the large rural to urban migrations that began in the mid-twentieth century created an erratic urban expansion that the boundary was unable to contain. Informal and formal developments have continued to expand into protected land regardless of the different containment policies that have been institutionalized. The aim of this thesis is to reexamine Bogota's urban boundary in order to devise alternative strategies that can better address the inevitable urbanization of Los Cerros. The argument is rooted in the premise that social, political and economical conditions will prevent containment strategies to succeed. As a result, urbanization is acknowledged and used as a proxy to design strategies that will bolster and improve existing social and natural ecologies. Informality, infrastructure and architectural monuments are the lenses through which this thesis explores and articulates alternative strategies for the urban boundary.by Juan Andres Bernal.S.M.in Architecture Studie

Complications and Comorbidities in Hispanic Patients Who Develop Traumatic and Nontraumatic Acute Compartment Syndrome

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a medical emergency that remains under-recognized and understudied. This study aimed to identify risk factors for the traumatic and non-traumatic presentation of ACS within a majority Hispanic population. A four-year retrospective analysis of medical records in a single institution revealed 26 with traumatic and 21 non-traumatic patients presenting with ACS. Traumatic ACS occurred in younger males following fractures, as previously described in the field. After controlling for age differences, non-traumatic ACS occurred in older patients with multiple comorbidities, increased use of statins, and anticoagulants as compared to the traumatic ACS group. A large proportion (80%) of the nontraumatic ACS group also presented with hypertension. Patients taking anticoagulants and statins should be carefully monitored for ACS development after non-traumatic qualifying events and advanced age. Further studies should identify how statins interact with the patients\u27 racial/ethnic profile and the incidence of comorbidities to promote earlier identification and reduce morbidities

(PVA/chitosan/fucoidan)-ampicillin: A bioartificial polymeric material with combined properties in cell regeneration and potential antibacterial features

Chitosan, fucoidan, and polyvinyl alcohol are categorized as polymers with biomedical applications. Ampicillin, on the other hand, is considered as an important antibiotic that has shown effectivity in both gram-positive and gram-negative micro-organisms. The aforementioned polymers possess unique properties that are considered desirable for cell regeneration although they exhibit drawbacks that can affect their final application. Therefore, films of these biomaterials were prepared and they were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, degree of swelling and solubility, and MTT assay. The statistical significance of the experiments was determined using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with p < 0.05. The characterization techniques demonstrated that the obtained material exhibits properties suitable for cell regeneration, and that a higher concentration of natural polymers promotes cells proliferation to a greater extent. The presence of PVA, on the other hand, is responsible for matrix stability and dictates the degree of swelling and solubility. The SEM images demonstrated that neither aggregations nor clusters were formed, which is favorable for the biological properties without detrimental to the morphological and physical features. Cell viability was comparatively similar in samples with and without antibiotic, and the physical and biological properties were not negatively affected. Indeed, the inherent bactericidal effect of chitosan was reinforced by the presence of ampicillin. The new material is an outstanding candidate for cell regeneration as a consequence of the synergic effect that each component provides to the blend. © 2019 by the author.Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Program NPU I [LO1504

Sindrome de burnout y desempeño docente en tiempos de pandemia en la Institución Educativa Mercedes Indacochea

El trabajo es una labor de análisis a fin de lograr la licencia en Educación en la escuela de Ciencias Sociales y turismo de la UNJFSC, Huacho. La sistemática que se usó se halla adentro del estudio básico es de modelo Básico, de rango expresivo, de correlación, no práctico y la teoría trazada es: “El Síndrome de Burnout se concierne al desempeño docente en tiempos de pandemia en la Institución Educativa Mercedes Indacochea.”. Para la investigación, el colectivo y modelo fue de 61 profesores y auxiliares del C.E. Mercedes I. Lozano de la jurisdicción de Huacho. La herramienta primordial que se emplea en el análisis es la pregunta, que se empleó a la inicial y 2da mudable. Los efectos demuestran que hay una correspondencia en el Síndrome de Burnout y desempeño docente en tiempos de pandemia en la Institución Educativa Mercedes Indacochea. La correspondencia es de dimensión muy aceptabl

Epidemiología y factores que influyen en la recidiva de pacientes intervenidos por hernia inguinal en una institución de nivel II de la ciudad de Bogotá, 2005-2014

Introducción: La cirugía de la hernia inguinal es reconocida en todo el mundo como el procedimiento más común con el que se enfrenta cada día el cirujano general1.. El éxito de la cirugía de la hernia inguinal está determinado principalmente por la permanencia de la operación, el menor número de complicaciones posibles, tener un bajo costo y el pronto retorno a las actividades cotidianas. De todos los anteriores, la incidencia de recurrencia es la variable más frecuente con la que se mide el éxito de la técnica quirúrgica1. En múltiples estudios retrospectivos se han propuesto varios factores que influyen sobre la recidiva de la hernia luego de su reparo quirúrgico. Para nuestro país existen publicaciones de carácter retrospectivo en donde se analizan las variables demográficas y quirúrgicas pero no se han encontrado publicaciones que mencionen factores de riesgo directamente relacionados con la recidiva2. Es fundamental explorar en el ámbito local la experiencia que se tiene en el manejo de esta patología, de esta manera se pueden determinar los factores epidemiológicos y técnicos relacionados con la recurrencia y así fomentar su prevención. Objetivo: Conocer la epidemiología del paciente con hernia inguinal manejado en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital de San Blás de Bogotá DC. Describir los factores que se relacionan directamente con la recidiva; de acuerdo a esto, poder reconocer aquellos modificables y poder impactar de forma preventiva en la evolución de la enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico retrospectivo. Se revisaron las bases de datos del Hospital San Blas, desde el año 2005 hasta el 2014, de los pacientes operados por hernia inguinal mayores de 16 años. Se analizaron las variables epidemiológicas consideradas en la literatura como las más relevantes, así como los datos concernientes al procedimiento quirúrgico que pudieran influir en la recurrencia de esta patología. Para la recolección de datos, se tuvieron en cuenta los datos demográficos, género, antecedentes personales, tipo de hernia, tipo de anestesia, etc. Utilizaremos los registros de estadística del servicio de Cirugía General del hospital, las historias clínicas, y se realizaron encuestas telefónicas para identificar las complicaciones postoperatorias y la presencia de recidiva. Resultados: Se recolectaron los datos de 377 pacientes que fueron operados en el Hospital de San Blás de Bogotá por hernia inguinal durante los años de 2005 y 2014. Se encontró que la mayoría de pacientes que consultaron por hernia inguinal al hospital de San Blás eran hombres (76,7%), la mediana de edad fue de 57 años entre los 16 y 91 años. El tipo de hernia más frecuente fue indirecta en el 64,2%, y de presentación unilateral en el 90,5% . La técnica quirúrgica más frecuentemente utilizada fue la vía preperitoneal en el 48,0% de los casos, y la complicación postoperatoria más común fue el dolor crónico en el 6,1%. Del total de pacientes incluidos en el estudio, se logró hacer seguimiento a 62 de ellos, y se observó una tasa de recidiva de hernia inguinal del 17,7%. Se encontraron 5 factores relacionados con probabilidad de recurrencia; entre ellos: la edad mayor a 50 años, el bajo peso, el antecedente de herniorrafia inguinal, la presencia de hernia femoral, y el uso de la técnica de Lichtenstein. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos revelan que el antecedente de herniorrafia inguinal es el predictor más fuerte de recidiva de hernia inguinal. Los pacientes que presentaron recurrencia que fueron operados por hernia femoral tuvieron antecedente de herniorrafia inguinal. Aunque la recurrencia de la hernia inguinal debe entenderse como una situación generada por diversos factores, es importante reconocer que los pacientes que ya han sido sometidos a cirugía de hernia inguinal que presentan recidiva son más propensos a desarrollarla nuevamente.Abstract. Introduction: Groin hernia repair is known all around the world as the most common procedure general surgeons have to deal with everyday1. Success of groin hernia repair is measured primarily by the permanence of the operation, fewest complications, minimal costs, and earliest return to normal activities. Of all the factors previously mentioned, the incidence of recurrence is most often held as the measure of success of the repair method1. Multiple retrospective trials have shown several factors related to hernia recurrence after surgical repair. In our country there are retrospective observational studies analyzing surgical and demographic variables but still there are no published articles mentioning risk factors directly associated with the recurrence2. It is quite important to look into the local scenario about the experience on the management of inguinal hernia, so we can postulate technical and epidemiological factors related to recurrence, and promote prevention. Objective: Get to know the epidemiology of the patient with groin hernia managed by the general surgery team at San Blás Hospital in Bogotá DC. Describe the factors directly related with the recurrence. According to this, recognize those factors that are modifiable and make changes that could potentially change the course of this condition. Methods: Analytic retrospective cross sectional study. We reviewed the San Blás Hospital database, from year 2005 to 2014, looking for patients above 16 years old that had been operated for groin hernia. We analyzed epidemiological variables described in the literature as the most relevant, we also considered information related to the surgical procedure that could influence on the reappearance of this condition. To collect the information, we took into account demographic data, gender, personal background, type of hernia, anesthesia, etc. We used the statistics registry of the General Surgery service, the clinical records, and we made surveys by phone in order to identify postoperative complications and recurrence. Results: We collected information from 377 patients that were operated for groin hernia at San Blás Hospital in Bogotá from 2005 to 2014. We found that most of the patients consulting for groin hernia at San Blás Hospital were male patients (76,7%), the average age was 57 years old from 16 to 91. The most frequent type of hernia was indirect in 64,2% and unilateral presentation in 90,5%. The most frequent surgical technique was the preperitoneal approach in 48,0% of the patients, and the most common postoperative complication was chronic pain in 6,1%. From all the patients that were included on this trial, we were able to follow up with 62 of them. We found that the rate of groin hernia recurrence was 17,7%. There were 5 factors related with the chance of recurrence; which are: age older than 50 years old, low weight, previous groin hernia repair, femoral hernia and the Lichtenstein approach. Conclusions: Our data shows that having a previous groin hernia repair is the strongest predictor for inguinal hernia recurrence. Patients who developed recurrence that were operated for a femoral hernia had a previous inguinal hernia repair. Although the recurrence of groin hernia must be understood as a situation influenced by several factors, it is vital to recognize that patients who have undergone inguinal hernia surgery and develop recurrence are more susceptible to have it again.Otr