65 research outputs found
Expanding Space: the Root of all Evil?
While it remains the staple of virtually all cosmological teaching, the
concept of expanding space in explaining the increasing separation of galaxies
has recently come under fire as a dangerous idea whose application leads to the
development of confusion and the establishment of misconceptions. In this
paper, we develop a notion of expanding space that is completely valid as a
framework for the description of the evolution of the universe and whose
application allows an intuitive understanding of the influence of universal
expansion. We also demonstrate how arguments against the concept in general
have failed thus far, as they imbue expanding space with physical properties
not consistent with the expectations of general relativity.Comment: 8 pages, accepted for publication in PAS
Physics of non-Gaussian fields and the cosmological genus statistic
We report a technique to calculate the impact of distinct physical processes
inducing non-Gaussianity on the cosmological density field. A natural
decomposition of the cosmic genus statistic into an orthogonal polynomial
sequence allows complete expression of the scale-dependent evolution of the
morphology of large-scale structure, in which effects including galaxy bias,
nonlinear gravitational evolution and primordial non-Gaussianity may be
delineated. The relationship of this decomposition to previous methods for
analysing the genus statistic is briefly considered and the following
applications are made: i) the expression of certain systematics affecting
topological measurements; ii) the quantification of broad deformations from
Gaussianity that appear in the genus statistic as measured in the Horizon Run
simulation; iii) the study of the evolution of the genus curve for simulations
with primordial non-Gaussianity. These advances improve the treatment of
flux-limited galaxy catalogues for use with this measurement and further the
use of the genus statistic as a tool for exploring non-Gaussianity.Comment: AASTeX preprint, 24 pages, 8 figures, includes several improvements
suggested by anonymous reviewe
Spectral diversity of Type Ia Supernovae
We use published spectroscopic and photometric data for 8 Type Ia supernovae
to construct a dispersion spectrum for this class of object, showing their
diversity over the wavelength range 3700A to 7100A. We find that the B and V
bands are the spectral regions with the least dispersion, while the U band
below 4100A is more diverse. Some spectral features such as the Si line at
6150A are also highly diverse. We then construct two objective measures of
'peculiarity' by (i) using the deviation of individual objects from the average
SN Ia spectrum compared to the typical dispersion and (ii) applying principle
component analysis. We demonstrate these methods on several SNe Ia that have
previously been classified as peculiar.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, uses mn2e.cls, accepted for publication by MNRA
Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe
While modern cosmology, founded in the language of general relativity, is
almost a century old, the meaning of the expansion of space is still being
debated. In this paper, the question of radar ranging in an expanding universe
is examined, focusing upon light travel times during the ranging; it has
recently been claimed that this proves that space physically expands. We
generalize the problem into considering the return journey of an accelerating
rocketeer, showing that while this agrees with expectations of special
relativity for an empty universe, distinct differences occur when the universe
contains matter. We conclude that this does not require the expansion of space
to be a physical phenomenon, rather that we cannot neglect the influence of
matter, seen through the laws of general relativity, when considering motions
on cosmic scales.Comment: 6 Pages. To appear in MNRA
The Adventures of the Rocketeer: Accelerated Motion Under the Influence of Expanding Space
It is well known that interstellar travel is bounded by the finite speed of
light, but on very large scales any rocketeer would also need to consider the
influence of cosmological expansion on their journey. This paper examines
accelerated journeys within the framework of Friedmann-
Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universes, illustrating how the duration of a fixed
acceleration sharply divides exploration over interstellar and intergalactic
distances. Furthermore, we show how the universal expansion increases the
difficulty of intergalactic navigation, with small uncertainties in
cosmological parameters resulting in significantly large deviations. This paper
also shows that, contrary to simplistic ideas, the motion of any rocketeer is
indistinguishable from Newtonian gravity if the acceleration is kept small.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in PAS
Statistical methods applied to composition studies of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
The mass composition of high energy cosmic rays above eV is a
crucial issue to solve some open questions in astrophysics such as the
acceleration and propagation mechanisms. Unfortunately, the standard procedures
to identify the primary particle of a cosmic ray shower have low efficiency
mainly due to large fluctuations and limited experimental observables. We
present a statistical method for composition studies based on several
measurable features of the longitudinal development of the CR shower such as
, , asymmetry, skewness and kurtosis. Principal component
analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the relevance of each parameter in the
representation of the overall shower features and a linear discriminant
analysis (LDA) was used to combine the different parameters to maximize the
discrimination between different particle showers. The new parameter from LDA
provides a separation between primary gammas, proton and iron nuclei better
than the procedures based on only. The method proposed here was
successfully tested in the energy range from to eV even
when limitations of shower track length were included in order to simulate the
field of view of fluorescence telescopes
Clipping the Cosmos: The Bias and Bispectrum of Large Scale Structure
A large fraction of the information collected by cosmological surveys is
simply discarded to avoid lengthscales which are difficult to model
theoretically. We introduce a new technique which enables the extraction of
useful information from the bispectrum of galaxies well beyond the conventional
limits of perturbation theory. Our results strongly suggest that this method
increases the range of scales where the relation between the bispectrum and
power spectrum in tree-level perturbation theory may be applied, from k_max ~
0.1 h/Mpc to ~ 0.7 h/Mpc. This leads to correspondingly large improvements in
the determination of galaxy bias. Since the clipped matter power spectrum
closely follows the linear power spectrum, there is the potential to use this
technique to probe the growth rate of linear perturbations and confront
theories of modified gravity with observation.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. To appear in Physical Review Letter
Bilateral ischemic optic neuropathy after transurethral prostatic resection: a case report
BACKGROUND: Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy affects the anterior portion of the optic nerve and is characterized by sudden, painless visual loss. The affected eye has a relative afferent pupillary defect. The typical funduscopic appearance includes optic disc edema, with associated nerve fiber layer hemorrhage. Risk factors include advanced age, systemic hypertension, nocturnal hypotension, diabetes mellitus, and a small cup-to-disc ratio. Bilateral presentation is rare. Postoperative optic neuropathy has been associated with nonocular surgery; risk factors include a combination of prolonged surgical times, acute systemic hypotension, anemia due to blood loss, or prone positioning. We report for the first time a patient with bilateral, simultaneous anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after elective transurethral prostatic resection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year old man underwent surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The preoperative blood pressure was 140/85 mmHg, hemoglobin 15.9 g/dL, and hematocrit 48.6%. Two hours postoperatively, the blood pressure, hemoglobin, and hematocrit dropped dramatically. One day later, transient horizontal diplopia developed. Funduscopy showed a congenitally small cup-to-disc ratio without papillary edema. Other ocular findings were unremarkable. By 4 days postoperatively, sudden and painless amaurosis bilaterally developed when the patient awoke with nausea and vomiting. Visual acuity was no light perception bilaterally. The optic discs were swollen with small hemorrhages. Scans of the head and orbits and electrolyte levels were normal. There were no responses on visual evoked potentials bilaterally. The blood pressure was 90/50 mm Hg, the hemoglobin 7.0 g/dL, and the hematocrit 22.9%, necessitating infusion of three units of packed red blood cells. The blood pressure, hematocrit, and hemoglobin increased to normal levels. Three months later the visual acuity remained no light perception. The pupils were unreactive and there was marked optic disc atrophy bilaterally. CONCLUSION: Bilateral and simultaneous acute ischemic optic neuropathy may be a rare but devastating surgical complication. The combination of anemia and hypotension may increase the risk of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy postoperatively after transurethral prostatic resection
Valor de la PET en la recurrencia del cĂĄncer de prĂłstata con PSA < 5 ng/ml
We intend to evaluate the usefulness of PET scans in diagnosing recurrent prostate cancer after a curative attempt using radical treatment.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
92 consecutive prostate cancer patients in biochemical progression following radical surgery (63) or radiation treatment (29) were studied with positron emission tomography (PET). In all cases two scans were performed in the same day (11C-choline and 18F-FDG). PET efficacy was evaluated both globally (by employing the results achieved with both 11C-choline and 18F-FDG) and using both radiotracers independently to detect recurrence in patients with biochemical progression. For this purpose, we used comparison of means for k-independent samples, 2 x 2 and 2 x X contingency tables and ROC curves.
RESULTS:
1. Global PET: there is evidence of PET alteration regarding the PSA level (P=.003): the clinical stage (P=.01). There are no statistically significant PET alterations regarding the affected biopsy (uni or bilateral), surgical margins, pathological stage and time to progression. ROC curve PET-PSA is statistically significant (P< .0001) permitting calculation of different cut-off points, with a specificity of 91% (highest) for a PSA of 4.3 ng/ml. 2. PET 18FDG: the area under the ROC curve is statistically significant (P< .0001) with a specificity of 91% for a PSA of 6.51 ng/ml. 3. PET 11choline: the area under the ROC curve is statistically significant (P< .0001) with a specificity of 91% for a PSA of 5.15 ng/ml.
CONCLUSIONS:
PET is a useful tool for diagnosing prostate cancer recurrence after a curative attempt using radical treatment
Topology of non-linear structure in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
We study the evolution of non-linear structure as a function of scale in
samples from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, constituting over 221 000 galaxies
at a median redshift of z=0.11. The two flux-limited galaxy samples, located
near the southern galactic pole and the galactic equator, are smoothed with
Gaussian filters of width ranging from 5 to 8 Mpc/h to produce a continuous
galaxy density field. The topological genus statistic is used to measure the
relative abundance of overdense clusters to void regions at each scale; these
results are compared to the predictions of analytic theory, in the form of the
genus statistic for i) the linear regime case of a Gaussian random field; and
ii) a first-order perturbative expansion of the weakly non-linear evolved
field. The measurements demonstrate a statistically significant detection of an
asymmetry in the genus statistic between regions corresponding to low- and
high-density volumes of the universe. We attribute the asymmetry to the
non-linear effects of gravitational evolution and biased galaxy formation, and
demonstrate that these effects evolve as a function of scale. We find that
neither analytic prescription satisfactorily reproduces the measurements,
though the weakly non-linear theory yields substantially better results in some
cases, and we discuss the potential explanations for this result.Comment: 13 pages, matching proof to be published in MNRAS; new version adds
reference and corrects figure
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