Effects of Feeding Finishing Pig Diets Differing in Ca:P Ratio, Added Phytase and Vitamin D Sources on Growth Performance, Weight Variation, Serum 25(OH)D3, Carcass Characteristics, Bone Characteristics, and Economics

A total of 2,160 grow-finish pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 71.8 ± 1.4 lb) were used in a 114-d trial to determine the effects of feeding diets differing in Ca:P ratio and added phytase or phytase and 25(OH)D3 (Hy-D, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) on growth performance, weight variation, serum 25(OH)D3, bone characteristics, and economics. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 27 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. The four treatments were structured as a randomized complete block design and consisted of: 1) a high phosphorus (HP) diet formulated to a 1.25:1 Ca to P ratio with STTD P at 115% of NRC requirement estimate without inclusion of phytase; 2) low phosphorus (LP) diet initially formulated to a 1.25:1 Ca to P ratio with STTD P at 80% of NRC requirement without the addition of phytase; 3) HP with phytase (HP+phytase) diet with a 1.1:1 Ca to P ratio with STTD P at 115% of NRC requirement using 0.125% STTD P release from 600 FYT/kg HiPhorius; and 4) Same as diet 3 except 25(OH)D3 replacing most of the vitamin D3 in the diet (HP+25(OH)D3). Diets were fed in meal form with phase 1 fed from 71 to 110 lb, phase 2 from 110 to 165 lb, phase 3 from 165 to 220 lb, and phase 4 from 220 to 293 lb. Overall, source of vitamin D had no impact on performance, but pigs fed HP diets had improved (P \u3c 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and F/G compared to those fed LP diets, and ADFI was greater compared to those fed the HP+phytase diet with 1.1:1 Ca to P ratio. For serum 25(OH)D3 measured on d 50, pigs fed the HP diets had increased (P \u3c 0.05) levels of 25(OH)D3 compared to pigs fed the LP diets, and pigs fed the HP+25(OH)D3 diets had increased (P \u3c 0.05) serum levels of 25(OH)D3 compared to pigs fed the HP+phytase diets. Pigs fed the HP diets had greater (P \u3c 0.05) HCW and percentage lean than those fed LP diets. For economics results, pigs fed HP diets had increased (P \u3c 0.05) feed cost, revenue, and income over feed cost (IOFC) compared to those fed LP diets in both a low and high price scenario. For bone analysis, pigs fed HP diets, had greater (P \u3c 0.05) bone ash (g) and breaking strength than pigs fed LP or HP+phytase with a reduced Ca to P ratio. In conclusion, when pigs were fed 115% of NRC STTD P requirements, growth performance, HCW, and economics were improved compared to those fed at 80% of the P requirements

Evaluating HiPhorius Phytase in Two Diet Formulation Strategies on Finishing Pig Growth Performance, Serum Chemistry, Bone Mineralization, and Carcass Characteristics

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of HiPhorius (DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) phytase on finishing pig growth performance, serum chemistry, bone mineralization, and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1, 1,161 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 80.9. ± 1.06 lb) were used in a 105-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 10 or 11 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control diet with no added phytase and formulated to NRC (2012) requirement estimates for standard total tract digestible (STTD) P; 2) 600 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering a release of 0.13% STTD P and 0.095% STTD Ca; 3) 1,000 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering release of 0.16% STTD P and 0.107% STTD Ca; and 4) high STTD P (no phytase; approximately 22% above NRC requirement estimates). All diets were formulated to a 1.30:1 STTD Ca:STTD P ratio. Overall, pigs fed NRC (2012) or high STTD P had increased ADG (P \u3c 0.05) compared to pigs fed the treatments with added phytase. Pigs fed diets with phytase tended to have decreased (P = 0.056) 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 compared to pigs fed NRC levels of STTD P without phytase. In Exp. 2, 1,160 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 167.4 ± 2.92 lb) were used in a 58-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 11 replications per treatment. Treatments were the same as in Exp. 1, except diets were formulated to the same total Ca:P ratio (the phase 1 ratio was 1.15:1; the phase 2 ratio was 1.12:1) without an STTD Ca release consideration from phytase. Overall, there were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G among treatments (P \u3e 0.10). For pigs fed NRC or high STTD P, there was an increase (P \u3c 0.05) in metacarpal bone density, and a tendency for increased bone ash weight (g) (P \u3c 0.10) and percentage bone ash (P \u3c 0.10) compared to pigs fed treatments containing phytase. In conclusion, regardless of diet formulation strategy, pigs fed diets with phytase had decreased growth performance (Exp. 1) and bone mineralization (Exp. 2). The unexpected result may be caused by several, or a combination of, factors, such as low or no monocalcium phosphate being included in the diets with phytase, lower analyzed than formulated P (based on sampled diets), not enough phytate-bound P in the diets for phytase to provide sufficient P, too wide of an analyzed Ca:P ratio that may have reduced phytase activity compared to the intended Ca:P ratio, or the expected P attributed to the phytase being overestimated

Evaluating the Effects of HiPhorius Phytase Added in Diets at or Below the P Requirement on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization

A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 8.64 ± 0.181 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the effects of HiPhorius phytase on growth performance and bone characteristics. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. The first three diets were formulated to contain 0.09% aP; without added phytase (control), or the control diet with 600 or 1,000 FYT/kg of added phytase (considering a release of 0.15 or 0.18% aP, respectively). The remaining two diets were formulated to contain 0.27% aP, one without added phytase and the other with 1,000 FYT/kg. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed diets with increasing phytase containing 0.09% aP had increased (linear P ≤ 0.002) ADG, ADFI, and better F/G but phytase added to the 0.27% aP diet did not impact growth performance. Increasing phytase in diets containing 0.09% aP increased percentage bone ash in metacarpals and 10th ribs (linear, P \u3c 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.004, respectively), and increased grams of Ca and P in all three bones (linear, P ≤ 0.027). An increase in percentage bone ash (P ≤ 0.038) and increased grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs (P ≤ 0.023) was observed when adding 1,000 FYT/kg phytase in diets with 0.27% aP compared with pigs fed 0.27% aP without added phytase. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased (P \u3c 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and improved F/G. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased bone density (P ≤ 0.002) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.074), and increased (P \u3c 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs. Pigs fed diets containing 0.27% aP with 1,000 FYT phytase had increased ADFI (P ≤ 0.047), bone density (P ≤ 0.008) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.002), and increased (P\u3c 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs compared to those fed 0.09% aP with 1,000 FYT phytase. For growth performance (average of ADG and F/G), aP release was calculated to be 0.170% for diets with 600 FYT/kg and 0.206% for 1,000 FYT/kg. For the average of all bone measurements (average of 3 bones for bone density and percentage bone ash), aP release was calculated to be 0.120 and 0.125% for diets with 600 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively. In conclusion, increasing phytase in diets formulated with less than the pig’s phosphorus requirement improved growth performance and bone mineralization. These data help to confirm the efficacy of HiPhorius phytase in making P more available in aP deficient diets, resulting in improved growth performance and bone mineralization. Furthermore, these data show that adding high levels of phytase in diets adequate in aP did not further improve growth performance, but increased bone mineralization

Diagnostic Survey of Biological Measurements Used to Determine Bone Mineralization in Pigs Across the US Swine Industry

Pigs from 64 commercial sites across 14 production systems in the Midwest US were used to evaluate the baseline biological measurements used to determine bone mineralization. Three pigs were selected from each commercial site representing: 1) a clinically normal pig (healthy); 2) a pig with evidence of clinical lameness (lame); and 3) a pig from a hospital pen that is assumed to have recent low feed intake (unhealthy). Pigs ranged in age from nursery to market weight, with the three pigs sampled from each site representing the same age or phase of production. Blood, urine, metacarpal, fibula, 2nd rib, and 10th rib were collected and analyzed. Serum was analyzed for Ca, P, and 25(OH)D3, and urine was collected and analyzed for Ca, P, and creatinine. Each bone was measured for density, ash (defatted and non-defatted technique), and breaking strength. A bone × pig type interaction (P \u3c 0.001) was observed for defatted and non-defatted bone ash, density, and breaking strength. For defatted bone ash, there were no differences (P \u3e 0.10) between pig types for the fibulas, 2nd rib, and 10th rib, but metacarpals from healthy pigs had greater (P \u3c 0.05) percentage bone ash compared to unhealthy pigs, with the lame pigs intermediate. For non-defatted bone ash, there were no differences (P \u3e 0.10) between pig types for metacarpals and fibulas, but unhealthy pigs had greater (P \u3c 0.05) non-defatted percentage bone ash for 2nd and 10th ribs compared to healthy pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. Healthy and lame pigs had greater (P \u3c 0.05) bone density than unhealthy pigs for metacarpals and fibulas, with no difference (P \u3e 0.10) observed for ribs. Healthy pigs had bones with increased breaking strength compared to lame and unhealthy pigs for metacarpals and 10th ribs (P \u3c 0.05) with no differences (P \u3e 0.05) between pig types for fibula and 2nd rib. Healthy pigs had greater (P \u3c 0.05) serum Ca and 25(OH)D3 compared to unhealthy pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. Healthy pigs had greater (P \u3e 0.05) serum P compared to unhealthy and lame pigs, with no differences (P \u3e 0.05) between the unhealthy and lame pigs. Unhealthy pigs excreted more (P \u3c 0.05) P and creatinine in the urine compared to healthy pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. In summary, there are differences in serum Ca, P, and vitamin D between healthy, lame, and unhealthy pigs. Differences in bone mineralization between the pig types varied depending on the analytical procedure and bone. There was a considerable range in values within pig type across the 14 production systems sampled

The Effect of Bone and Analytical Methods on the Assessment of Bone Mineralization Response to Dietary Phosphorus, Phytase, and Vitamin D in Nursery Pigs

Three hundred-fifty pigs (initially 26.2 ± 1.23 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of bone and analytical methods on the assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Pens of pigs (5 or 6 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens per treatment. Treatments were formulated to have varying levels of P, phytase, and vitamin D to provide differences in bone characteristics. After feeding diets for 28 d, eight pigs per treatment were euthanized for bone, blood, and urine analysis. The response to treatment for bone density and ash was dependent upon the bone analyzed (density × bone interaction, P = 0.044; non-defatted bone ash × bone interaction, P = 0.060; defatted bone ash × bone interaction, P = 0.068). Pigs fed 0.19% STTD P had decreased (P \u3c 0.05) bone density and ash (non-defatted and defatted) for all bones compared to 0.44% STTD P, with 0.33% STTD P generally intermediate or similar to 0.44% STTD P. Pigs fed 0.44% STTD P with no vitamin D had greater (P \u3c 0.05) non-defatted fibula ash compared to all treatments other than 0.44% STTD P with added HyD. Pigs fed the three diets with 0.44% STTD P had greater (P \u3c 0.05) defatted 2nd rib ash compared to pigs fed 0.19% STTD P or 0.33% STTD P with no phytase. In summary, bone density and ash responses varied depending on the bone analyzed. Differences in bone density and ash in response to P and vitamin D were most apparent with fibulas and 2nd ribs. The difference between bone ash procedures was more apparent than the differences between treatments. For histopathology, 10th ribs were more sensitive than 2nd ribs or fibulas for detection of lesions

The Effect of Different Bone and Analytical Methods on the Assessment of Bone Mineralization to Dietary Phosphorus, Phytase, and Vitamin D in Finishing Pigs

Eight hundred eighty-two pigs (initially 73.2 ± 0.7 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on the assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs (20 pigs per pen) were randomized to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 9 pens per treatment. Treatments were formulated to have varying levels of P, phytase, and vitamin D to potentially provide wide differences in bone characteristics. After feeding diets for 112 d, nine pigs per treatment were euthanized for bone, blood, and urine analysis. There were no significant differences for final BW, ADG, ADFI, F/G (P \u3e 0.10), or bone ash (bone ash × bone interaction, P \u3e 0.10) regardless of the ashing method. The response to treatment for bone density and bone mineral content was dependent upon the bone (density interaction, P = 0.053; mineral interaction, P = 0.078). There were no treatment differences for bone density and bone mineral content for metacarpals, fibulas, and 2nd rib (P \u3e 0.05). For 10th rib bone density, pigs fed industry levels of P and vitamin D had increased (P \u3c 0.05) bone density compared to pigs fed NRC levels with phytase, with pigs fed deficient P, NRC levels of P with no phytase, and extra 25(OH)D3 vitamin D (HyD) intermediate. Pigs fed extra vitamin D from HyD had increased (P \u3c 0.05) 10th rib bone mineral content compared to pigs fed deficient P and NRC levels of P with phytase, with pigs fed industry P and vitamin D, and NRC P with monocalcium intermediate. In summary, bone density and bone mineral content responses varied depending on the bone. The difference between bone ash procedures was more apparent than the differences between diets. Differences in bone density and mineral content in response to P and vitamin D were most apparent with the 10th ribs

Geographic variation of mutagenic exposures in kidney cancer genomes

International differences in the incidence of many cancer types indicate the existence of carcinogen exposures that have not yet been identified by conventional epidemiology make a substantial contribution to cancer burden1. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, obesity, hypertension and tobacco smoking are risk factors, but they do not explain the geographical variation in its incidence2. Underlying causes can be inferred by sequencing the genomes of cancers from populations with different incidence rates and detecting differences in patterns of somatic mutations. Here we sequenced 962 clear cell renal cell carcinomas from 11 countries with varying incidence. The somatic mutation profiles differed between countries. In Romania, Serbia and Thailand, mutational signatures characteristic of aristolochic acid compounds were present in most cases, but these were rare elsewhere. In Japan, a mutational signature of unknown cause was found in more than 70% of cases but in less than 2% elsewhere. A further mutational signature of unknown cause was ubiquitous but exhibited higher mutation loads in countries with higher incidence rates of kidney cancer. Known signatures of tobacco smoking correlated with tobacco consumption, but no signature was associated with obesity or hypertension, suggesting that non-mutagenic mechanisms of action underlie these risk factors. The results of this study indicate the existence of multiple, geographically variable, mutagenic exposures that potentially affect tens of millions of people and illustrate the opportunities for new insights into cancer causation through large-scale global cancer genomics

WNT16 Influences Bone Mineral Density, Cortical Bone Thickness, Bone Strength, and Osteoporotic Fracture Risk

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