Cristianización y formación de Estados en Escandinavia y en la Europa Centro-oriental: Un proyecto de historia comparada

Whereas in the natural sciences it is usual for scientists to work and write together, in the humanities such team-work is more unusual. Yet sometimes comparative history is best written by a group, when there is a need to combine different types of expertise. Historical processes are not confi ned within modern national boundaries or even geographical regions, and sometimes we may distort our analysis of the past by restricting our field of study to such units. Nor can the study of the past rely on one discipline alone. Conversion to Christianity, linked to the rise of Christian monarchy, in Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’ c. 900 - 1200 is an example of a topic which is best treated comparatively. This article describes how a collaborative project on this topic was organized and carried out by historians, archaeologists and art historians. It also summarizes the main areas of analysis: the pagan cults; Christian infl uences prior to Christianization by rulers; the relationship between Christianization and the consolidation of power; the process of Christianization (how Christianity was spread among the population, what its progress was, the types of interaction between pagans and Christians, and the building of ecclesiastical structures in newly-converted lands); the meaning of Christianization through laws from the period, and through particular infl uences and adaptations; and fi nally the impact of Christianity in three areas: writing, laws and coinage.Whereas in the natural sciences it is usual for scientists to work and write together, in the humanities such team-work is more unusual. Yet sometimes comparative history is best written by a group, when there is a need to combine different types of expertise. Historical processes are not confi ned within modern national boundaries or even geographical regions, and sometimes we may distort our analysis of the past by restricting our field of study to such units. Nor can the study of the past rely on one discipline alone. Conversion to Christianity, linked to the rise of Christian monarchy, in Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’ c. 900 - 1200 is an example of a topic which is best treated comparatively. This article describes how a collaborative project on this topic was organized and carried out by historians, archaeologists and art historians. It also summarizes the main areas of analysis: the pagan cults; Christian infl uences prior to Christianization by rulers; the relationship between Christianization and the consolidation of power; the process of Christianization (how Christianity was spread among the population, what its progress was, the types of interaction between pagans and Christians, and the building of ecclesiastical structures in newly-converted lands); the meaning of Christianization through laws from the period, and through particular infl uences and adaptations; and fi nally the impact of Christianity in three areas: writing, laws and coinage

Correction: CO2 induced phase transitions in diamine-appended metal-organic frameworks.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C5SC01828E.]

PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN EKOSISTEM MANGROVE SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN INKUIRI, PENGUASAAN KONSEP, DAN SIKAP PEDULI LINGKUNGAN SISWA

Studi ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari bagaimana peningkatan kemampuan inkuiri, penguasaan konsep dan sikap peduli lingkungan siswa melalui penerapan pembelajaran inkuiri dengan memanfaatkan ekosistem mangrove sebagai sumber belajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen semu dengan desain the static group pretest-posttest. Sejumlah siswa kelas X (N= 46) terlibat sebagai subjek penelitian yang diambil dengan simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes kemampuan inkuiri, tes penguasaan konsep, tes penguasaan konsep literasi lingkungan, observasi, dan penyebaran skala sikap. Teknik pengolahan data melalui uji normalitas dan homogenitas, perhitungan N-gain, uji hipotesis dengan bantuan program SPSS versi 16. Hasil analisis data pretest dan posttest menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada peningkatan kemampuan inkuiri, penguasaan konsep dan sikap peduli lingkungan siswa antara kelas kontrol dengan kelas eksperimen. Dengan demikian pembelajaran inkuiri dengan memanfaatkan ekosistem mangrove sebagai sumber belajar dapat membantu siswa meningkatkan kemampuan inkuiri, penguasaan konsep dan sikap peduli lingkungan siswa. Selain itu hasil tes literasi lingkungan pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 32% sedangkan pada kelas kontrol 29%. Dengan demikian literasi lingkungan siswa pada kelas yang melakukan pembelajaran inkuiri dengan memnafaatkan ekosistem mangrove sebagai sumber belajar memiliki persentase yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelas yang melakukan pembelajaran konvensional. Siswa dan guru memberikan tanggapan yang positif terhadap pembelajaran inkuiri dengan memanfaatkan ekosistem mangrove sebagai sumber belajar. ;---This study aimed to learn how enhancing inquiry ability, concept and environment attitude through implementation of inquiry learning by using mangrove ecosystem as a learning resource. This study used a quasi-experimental with the static group pretest-posttest design. A number of students of class X (N = 46) was involved as research subjects taken by purposive sampling. Data collected through inquiry ability tests, concepts tests, attitude scale, environmental literacy test and observation. Data processing techniques through normality and homogeneity tests, N-gain calculation, and hypothesis test with SPSS version 16. Results of data analysis showed a significant difference in the improvement of the between control class and the experimental class. Thus the inquiry learning by utilizing the mangrove ecosystem as a source of learning can help students improve the inquiry ability, concepts and environmental attitudes. The environmental literacy test results was 32% in the experimental class and 29% in the control class. Thus the environmental literacy of students in classes that do inquiry learning by utilizing mangrove ecosystem as a learning resource has a better percentage than the classes that perform conventional learning. Students and teachers also give a positive response to the lesson activities

Correction: CO2 induced phase transitions in diamine-appended metal-organic frameworks (Chemical Science (2015) 6 (5177-5185) DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01828e)

The authors regret that there are some discrepancies reproducing the data in the original article due to the determined coordinates not being the fully optimised geometries. The authors have provided more information as follows. In the manuscript entitled \u27CO2 induced phase transitions in diamine-appended metal-organic frameworks\u27, minor errors with the attached coordinates and energies reported in the paper have recently been identified. In this communication, we correct these errors. Here, we present updated optimized geometries and binding energies. We also take this opportunity to include an extended computational details section to ensure reproducibility. In addition, we show that the overall conclusions of the paper are not affected by these changes. A detailed comparison with the results reported by Lee et al.1 revealed that the DFT optimization of the coordinates provided with the manuscript do not lead to the values reported in the manuscript, and they warrant correction. Corrected coordinates and updated tables (Tables 1-7) and figures (Fig. 1, 2, 4 and 5) are included here for calculations using the PBE functional. These structures have been repeated using a slightly tighter force threshold than in the original manuscript (details below). The M06-L calculations reported in the original manuscript are not revisited since they were performed to assess the role of dispersion. Since the publication of our work in 2015, a far more detailed study of this effect has been published by one of the authors rendering these M06-L calculations unnecessary and we refer readers interested in the role of dispersion on the carbamate formation to this more recent study by Lee et al.1 In addition to correcting our DFT calculations, we examine the effects of the revised DFT values on the lattice model in this work.We recompute the lattice model with the M06-L and PBE values fromthe original manuscript as well as the corrected PBE values reported below (Fig. 6-8 and Tables 8-10). In all three sets of isotherm plots the ordering is preserved but the inflection points are spaced differently with the new PBE numbers, leading to quantitative differences that are nonetheless qualitatively similar to previous work. Finally, we discuss different ways that CO2 can coordinate to the metal binding site, as shown in Fig. 3. We should have notedmore clearly in ourmanuscript that these were starting configurations and not necessarily the final converged structures since our goal was to try several starting geometries to determine which coordination environment around the metal site was lowest in energy. Take for example bidentate insertion. Chemical intuition suggests that this structure could rotate to one that has only one CO2 oxygen center closer to the metal than the other and we observe this in our optimized structure. The resulting geometries we obtained for the starting arrangements noted in the figure are higher in energy than the chain model as reported in our original paper.We wish to emphasize that at the time of our 2015 study, our objective was to understand whether or not CO2 was bound to the metal and if one-dimensional chain formation could lead to a step in the adsorption isotherm. It has since become clear that a far more thorough study of the arrangements of the amines is required to truly understand competing amine arrangements preset in experiment. This was outside the scope of our work. Once more, these calculations are perhaps now outdated given work in the field in recent years. We again refer interested readers to a more recent study by Lee et al.1 1. Extended computational details to ensure reproducibility In the course of rectifying the error in our calculations, we wanted to ensure that all revised calculations were converged using the exact same protocol; therefore, we repeated the PBE calculations for the pair and chain models using updated computational details given here to ensure reproducibility. The M2(dobpdc) MOF contains six unsaturated metal sites per unit cell. To calculate the binding energies of CO2 in its amine appended analogue mmen-M2(dobpdc), one mmen ligand per CO2 was added per unit cell. The smaller sized ethylenediamine (en) was used to saturate the remaining amines not involved in CO2 binding. In the case of the pair mode, two mmen-amines are included per unit cell only. All DFT calculations were performed with periodic boundary conditions carried out using the VASP 5.4.4 package (original calculations were performed with VASP 5.3.3). The PBE functional was employed to examine the energetics of CO2 adsorption.3 On-site Hubbard U corrections were employed for metal d electrons.4 The U values are determined to reproduce oxidation energies in the respective metal oxides and are given in the tables below. The electron-ion interactions in these calculations were described with the projector augmented wave (PAW) method developed by Blöchl with an energy cutoff of 550 eV.5 This combination of the PBE functional, PAW scheme, and energy cutoff was used for full geometry optimization of the various species investigated until the forces on all atoms were smaller than 0.02 eV Å-1 and the SCF convergence was set to 1 × 10-7 eV. Given the large size of the unit cell and the tests with other numbers of K-points from the original study, only results obtained from G-point calculations are reported here. Finally, heats of adsorption are now reported below along with E + ZPE values, while in the original manuscript only E + ZPE were reported. No changes were made to how the vibrational corrections were computed; however, we have included some additional details to ensure reproducibility.6 Harmonic vibrational modes (ωi) were computed for CO2 in the gas phase and its bound product state (amine-CO2-MOF complex). The framework itself was taken to be rigid and only the vibrational modes associated with the motion of the amine, the metal center, first coordination sphere (oxygen atoms bound to the metal in the MOF backbone), and (if present) the bound CO2 were computed. Since the harmonic approximation breaks down for low frequency modes, we replaced all modes less than 50 cm-1 with 50 cm-1 when computing the zero-point and thermal energies. The following standard harmonic expressions were used to compute the vibrational corrections: Zero-point vibrational energy (ZPE) is: [Equation presented here] While for the bound product, the rotational and translational degrees of freedom of CO2 have been converted to additional vibrational modes allowing one to compute the thermal correction simply as: [Equation presented here] 2. Values for the chain model The chain model used in our original study included 1 mmen- and 5 en-amines. The values from the original paper are reported in Table 1. When we repeat these calculations using the procedure described in Section 1, we obtain the values in Table 2. In addition to the chain model described above (1 mmen- and 5 en-amines per unit cell), during our original study we performed calculations with another model that was not included in the manuscript since its values yielded results further from experiment. This model includes only 1 mmen-amine per unit cell (no other amines) and was used to test the assumption that the five enamines are indeed spectators with respect to the metal dependence of the binding energy. We present the results from this model in Table 3. In the original paper we noted that the energy and bond length trends are correlated and are consistent with the Irving-Williams series. This is no longer true for all metals under investigation, with Zn being an outlier. The results for Zn can be explained by more recent work.1 3. Values for the pair model The model used to compute the pair adsorption mechanisms included 2 mmen-amines and 0 en-amines. The values in the original paper are presented in Table 5. 4. Lattice model plots The lattice models to generate adsorption isotherms for these systems were run at one temperature (∼25 °C) using four different input parameters. First the M06-L and PBE values from the original paper were used once more as it has been some time since we have run the lattice model. Then the model is repeated with the new set of values from PBE. If we compare Fig. 7 and 8, the order is preserved, but the infliction points are spaced a bit differently. This is due to the scaling factor being constant and is something we scaled for each of the different systems as well. The slope is also a bit different, but not more then we should expect for this simple lattice model. Furthermore, we only ever aimed to reproduce the step and the order of the metals. Any finer details cannot be expected to be obtained from this model. The exact values used to compute the isotherms are given in the tables below. The Royal Society of Chemistry apologises for these errors and any consequent inconvenience to authors and readers

CO2 induced phase transitions in diamine-appended metal-organic frameworks

Using a combination of density functional theory and lattice models, we study the effect of CO2 adsorption in an amine functionalized metal-organic framework. These materials exhibit a step in the adsorption isotherm indicative of a phase change. The pressure at which this step occurs is not only temperature dependent but is also metal center dependent. Likewise, the heats of adsorption vary depending on the metal center. Herein we demonstrate via quantum chemical calculations that the amines should not be considered firmly anchored to the framework and we explore the mechanism for CO2 adsorption. An ammonium carbamate species is formed via the insertion of CO2 into the M-Namine bonds. Furthermore, we translate the quantum chemical results into isotherms using a coarse grained Monte Carlo simulation technique and show that this adsorption mechanism can explain the characteristic step observed in the experimental isotherm while a previously proposed mechanism cannot. Furthermore, metal analogues have been explored and the CO2 binding energies show a strong metal dependence corresponding to the M-Namine bond strength. We show that this difference can be exploited to tune the pressure at which the step in the isotherm occurs. Additionally, the mmen-Ni-2(dobpdc) framework shows Langmuir like behavior, and our simulations show how this can be explained by competitive adsorption between the new model and a previously proposed model

The Mechanism of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption in an Alkylamine-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework

The mechanism of CO2 adsorption in the amine-functionalized metal-organic framework mmen-Mg2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4- = 4,4′-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3′-dicarboxylate; mmen = N,N′- dimethylethylenediamine) was characterized by quantum-chemical calculations. The material was calculated to demonstrate 2:2 amine:CO2 stoichiometry with a higher capacity and weaker CO2 binding energy than for the 2:1 stoichiometry observed in most amine-functionalized adsorbents. We explain this behavior in the form of a hydrogen-bonded complex involving two carbamic acid moieties resulting from the adsorption of CO2 onto the secondary amines. © 2013 American Chemical Society

Hybrid Cultures in Medieval Europe

Kulturen sind keine monolithischen Blöcke. Sie sind hybrid, setzen sich also aus Elementen verschiedenster Herkunft zusammen und bringen aus ihnen Neues hervor. Das DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm "Integration und Desintegration der Kulturen im europäischen Mittelalter" hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die Geschichte Europas im Mittelalter vom permanenten Kontakt und Austausch her zu denken und die sich daraus ergebenden Prozesse kultureller Innovationen zu analysieren. Auf einer "International Spring School" im April 2008 präsentierte sich das Schwerpunktprogramm einer breiten wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit. Der Band vereint die dort gehaltenen Vorträge und Workshops. Das Phänomen der Hybridität von Kulturen und die Differenzen der mittelalterlichen Welt zwischen Island und der Levante, zwischen Skandinavien und Nordafrika werden aus den Blickwinkeln verschiedener Disziplinen (Byzantinistik, Skandinavistik, Mediävistik, Germanistik, Kunstgeschichte, Orientalistik, Judaistik, Osteuropäische Geschichte) und Wissenschaftsnationen (Ungarn, Italien, Niederlande, Russland, Frankreich, Israel, Griechenland, USA, Island, Deutschland) beleuchtet

X-chromosome and kidney function:evidence from a multi-trait genetic analysis of 908,697 individuals reveals sex-specific and sex-differential findings in genes regulated by androgen response elements

X-chromosomal genetic variants are understudied but can yield valuable insights into sexually dimorphic human traits and diseases. We performed a sex-stratified cross-ancestry X-chromosome-wide association meta-analysis of seven kidney-related traits (n = 908,697), identifying 23 loci genome-wide significantly associated with two of the traits: 7 for uric acid and 16 for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), including four novel eGFR loci containing the functionally plausible prioritized genes ACSL4, CLDN2, TSPAN6 and the female-specific DRP2. Further, we identified five novel sex-interactions, comprising male-specific effects at FAM9B and AR/EDA2R, and three sex-differential findings with larger genetic effect sizes in males at DCAF12L1 and MST4 and larger effect sizes in females at HPRT1. All prioritized genes in loci showing significant sex-interactions were located next to androgen response elements (ARE). Five ARE genes showed sex-differential expressions. This study contributes new insights into sex-dimorphisms of kidney traits along with new prioritized gene targets for further molecular research.</p

Immigrants et identités dans le royaume médiéval de Hongrie aux XIe-XIIIe siècles

La Hongrie était un pays d’immigration pendant le Moyen Âge, sa population venant de l’Ouest ainsi que de l’Est, y compris quand il s’agissait des Hongrois eux-mêmes. Ceux-ci n’étaient en effet pas un peuple homogène, mais une association de tribus de diverses langues, qui, après la conquête du bassin des Carpates, ont aussi intégré une population slave et avare autochtone. Après la conquête hongroise, les immigrants tchèques, polonais, byzantins, hispaniques, musulmans, petchenègues, arménie..