2,794 research outputs found
Formation and long-term evolution of 3D vortices in protoplanetary discs
In the context of planet formation, anticyclonic vortices have recently
received lots of attention for the role they can play in planetesimals
formation. Radial migration of intermediate size solids toward the central star
may prevent their growth to larger solid grains. On the other hand, vortices
can trap the dust and accelerate this growth, counteracting fast radial
transport. Multiple effects have been shown to affect this scenario, such as
vortex migration or decay. The aim of this paper is to study the formation of
vortices by the Rossby wave instability and their long term evolution in a full
three dimensional protoplanetary disc. We use a robust numerical scheme
combined with adaptive mesh refinement in cylindrical coordinates, allowing to
affordably compute long term 3D evolutions. We consider a full disc stratified
both radially and vertically that is prone to formation of vortices by the
Rossby wave instability. We show that the 3D Rossby vortices grow and survive
over hundreds of years without migration. The localized overdensity which
initiated the instability and vortex formation survives the growth of the
Rossby wave instability for very long times. When the vortices are no longer
sustained by the Rossby wave instability, their shape changes toward more
elliptical vortices. This allows them to survive shear-driven destruction, but
they may be prone to elliptical instability and slow decay. When the conditions
for growing Rossby wave-related instabilities are maintained in the disc,
large-scale vortices can survive over very long timescales and may be able to
concentrate solids.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
How primordial is the structure of comet 67P/C-G? Combined collisional and dynamical models suggest a late formation
There is an active debate about whether the properties of comets as observed
today are primordial or, alternatively, if they are a result of collisional
evolution or other processes. We investigate the effects of collisions on a
comet with a structure like 67P/C-G. We develop scaling laws for the critical
specific impact energies required for a significant shape alteration. These are
then used in simulations of the combined dynamical and collisional evolution of
comets in order to study the survival probability of a primordially formed
object with a shape like 67P/C-G. The effects of impacts on comet 67P/C-G are
studied using a SPH shock physics code. The resulting critical specific impact
energy defines a minimal projectile size which is used to compute the number of
shape-changing collisions in a set of dynamical simulations. These simulations
follow the dispersion of the trans-Neptunian disk during the giant planet
instability, the formation of a scattered disk, and produce 87 objects that
penetrate into the inner solar system with orbits consistent with the observed
JFC population. The collisional evolution before the giant planet instability
is not considered here. Hence, our study is conservative in its estimation of
the number of collisions. We find that in any scenario considered here, comet
67P/C-G would have experienced a significant number of shape-changing
collisions, if it formed primordially. This is also the case for generic
bi-lobe shapes. Our study also shows that impact heating is very localized and
that collisionally processed bodies can still have a high porosity. Our study
indicates that the observed bi-lobe structure of comet 67P/C-G may not be
primordial, but might have originated in a rather recent event, possibly within
the last 1 Gy. This may be the case for any kilometer-sized two-component
cometary nuclei.Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics, accepted pending minor revision
Collisions of inhomogeneous pre-planetesimals
In the framework of the coagulation scenario, kilometre-sized planetesimals
form by subsequent collisions of pre-planetesimals of sizes from centimetre to
hundreds of metres. Pre-planetesimals are fluffy, porous dust aggregates, which
are inhomogeneous owing to their collisional history. Planetesimal growth can
be prevented by catastrophic disruption in pre-planetesimal collisions above
the destruction velocity threshold. We develop an inhomogeneity model based on
the density distribution of dust aggregates, which is assumed to be a Gaussian
distribution with a well-defined standard deviation. As a second input
parameter, we consider the typical size of an inhomogeneous clump. These input
parameters are easily accessible by laboratory experiments. For the simulation
of the dust aggregates, we utilise a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code
with extensions for modelling porous solid bodies. The porosity model was
previously calibrated for the simulation of silica dust, which commonly serves
as an analogue for pre-planetesimal material. The inhomogeneity is imposed as
an initial condition on the SPH particle distribution. We carry out collisions
of centimetre-sized dust aggregates of intermediate porosity. We vary the
standard deviation of the inhomogeneous distribution at fixed typical clump
size. The collision outcome is categorised according to the four-population
model. We show that inhomogeneous pre-planetesimals are more prone to
destruction than homogeneous aggregates. Even slight inhomogeneities can lower
the threshold for catastrophic disruption. For a fixed collision velocity, the
sizes of the fragments decrease with increasing inhomogeneity.
Pre-planetesimals with an active collisional history tend to be weaker. This is
a possible obstacle to collisional growth and needs to be taken into account in
future studies of the coagulation scenario.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, 4 table
Oceanographic Observations in Monterey Bay, California, January 1972 to April 1973: Annual Report, Part 3, 1973
This report completes the hydrographic data series obtained during 27 monthly oceanographic cruises in Monterey Bay. This oceanographic study was initiated under a grant from the Office of Sea Grant Programs, and the data collection began in February 1971. In September 1971 additional funding was received from the Association of Monterey Bay Area Governments. The data obtained during 1971 have been published previously (Broenkow 1972), and some initial interpretation of this work has been reported by Smethie (1973), Broenkow and Smethie (1973), and Oceanographic Services, Inc. (1973). (PDF contains 336 pages
Energy Distribution of Micro-events in the Quiet Solar Corona
Recent imaging observations of EUV line emissions have shown evidence for
frequent flare-like events in a majority of the pixels in quiet regions of the
solar corona. The changes in coronal emission measure indicate impulsive
heating of new material to coronal temperatures. These heating or evaporation
events are candidate signatures of "nanoflares" or "microflares" proposed to
interpret the high temperature and the very existence of the corona. The energy
distribution of these micro-events reported in the literature differ widely,
and so do the estimates of their total energy input into the corona. Here we
analyze the assumptions of the different methods, compare them by using the
same data set and discuss their results.
We also estimate the different forms of energy input and output, keeping in
mind that the observed brightenings are most likely secondary phenomena. A
rough estimate of the energy input observed by EIT on the SoHO satellite is of
the order of 10% of the total radiative output in the same region. It is
considerably smaller for the two reported TRACE observations. The discrepancy
can be explained partially by different thresholds for flare detection. There
is agreement on the slope and the absolute value of the distribution if the
same method were used and a numerical error corrected. The extrapolation of the
power law to unobserved energies that are many orders of magnitude smaller
remains questionable. Nevertheless, these micro-events and unresolved smaller
events are currently the best source of information on the heating process of
the corona
A generalized bayesian inference method for constraining the interiors of super Earths and sub-Neptunes
We aim to present a generalized Bayesian inference method for constraining
interiors of super Earths and sub-Neptunes. Our methodology succeeds in
quantifying the degeneracy and correlation of structural parameters for high
dimensional parameter spaces. Specifically, we identify what constraints can be
placed on composition and thickness of core, mantle, ice, ocean, and
atmospheric layers given observations of mass, radius, and bulk refractory
abundance constraints (Fe, Mg, Si) from observations of the host star's
photospheric composition. We employed a full probabilistic Bayesian inference
analysis that formally accounts for observational and model uncertainties.
Using a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique, we computed joint and marginal
posterior probability distributions for all structural parameters of interest.
We included state-of-the-art structural models based on self-consistent
thermodynamics of core, mantle, high-pressure ice, and liquid water.
Furthermore, we tested and compared two different atmospheric models that are
tailored for modeling thick and thin atmospheres, respectively. First, we
validate our method against Neptune. Second, we apply it to synthetic
exoplanets of fixed mass and determine the effect on interior structure and
composition when (1) radius, (2) atmospheric model, (3) data uncertainties, (4)
semi-major axes, (5) atmospheric composition (i.e., a priori assumption of
enriched envelopes versus pure H/He envelopes), and (6) prior distributions are
varied. Our main conclusions are: [...]Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics, 597, A37, 17 pages, 11 figure
Temporal Correlation of Hard X-rays and Meter/Decimeter Radio Structures in Solar Flares
We investigate the relative timing between hard X-ray (HXR) peaks and
structures in metric and decimetric radio emissions of solar flares using data
from the RHESSI and Phoenix-2 instruments. The radio events under consideration
are predominantly classified as type III bursts, decimetric pulsations and
patches. The RHESSI data are demodulated using special techniques appropriate
for a Phoenix-2 temporal resolution of 0.1s. The absolute timing accuracy of
the two instruments is found to be about 170 ms, and much better on the
average. It is found that type III radio groups often coincide with enhanced
HXR emission, but only a relatively small fraction ( 20%) of the groups
show close correlation on time scales 1s. If structures correlate, the HXRs
precede the type III emissions in a majority of cases, and by 0.690.19 s
on the average. Reversed drift type III bursts are also delayed, but
high-frequency and harmonic emission is retarded less. The decimetric
pulsations and patches (DCIM) have a larger scatter of delays, but do not have
a statistically significant sign or an average different from zero. The time
delay does not show a center-to-limb variation excluding simple propagation
effects. The delay by scattering near the source region is suggested to be the
most efficient process on the average for delaying type III radio emission
Collisions between equal sized ice grain agglomerates
Following the recent insight in the material structure of comets,
protoplanetesimals are assumed to have low densities and to be highly porous
agglomerates. It is still unclear if planetesimals can be formed from these
objects by collisional growth. Therefore, it is important to study numerically
the collisional outcome from low velocity impacts of equal sized porous
agglomerates which are too large to be examined in a laboratory experiment. We
use the Lagrangian particle method Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics to solve the
equations that describe the dynamics of elastic and plastic bodies.
Additionally, to account for the influence of porosity, we follow a previous
developed equation of state and certain relations between the material strength
and the relative density. Collisional growth seems possible for rather low
collision velocities and particular material strengths. The remnants of
collisions with impact parameters that are larger than 50% of the radius of the
colliding objects tend to rotate. For small impact parameters, the colliding
objects are effectively slowed down without a prominent compaction of the
porous structure, which probably increases the possibility for growth. The
protoplanetesimals, however, do not stick together for the most part of the
employed material strengths. An important issue in subsequent studies has to be
the influence of rotation to collisional growth. Moreover, for realistic
simulations of protoplanetesimals it is crucial to know the correct material
parameters in more detail.Comment: 7 pages, 11 figures, accepted by A&
Pebbles versus planetesimals
In the core accretion scenario, a massive core forms first and then accretes an envelope. When discussing how this core forms some divergences appear. First scenarios of planet formation predict the accretion of km-sized bodies, called planetesimals, while more recent works suggest growth by accretion of pebbles, which are cm-sized objects. These two accretion models are often discussed separately and we aim here at comparing the outcomes of the two models with identical initial conditions. We use two distinct codes: one computing planetesimal accretion, the other pebble accretion. Using a population synthesis approach, we compare planet simulations and study the impact of the two solid accretion models, focussing on the formation of single planets. We find that the planetesimal model predicts the formation of more giant planets, while the pebble accretion model forms more super-Earth mass planets. This is due to the pebble isolation mass concept, which prevents planets formed by pebble accretion to accrete gas efficiently before reaching Miso. This translates into a population of planets that are not heavy enough to accrete a consequent envelope but that are in a mass range where type I migration is very efficient. We also find higher gas mass fractions for a given core mass for the pebble model compared to the planetesimal one caused by luminosity differences. This also implies planets with lower densities which could be confirmed observationally. Focusing on giant planets, we conclude that the sensitivity of their formation differs: for the pebble accretion model, the time at which the embryos are formed, as well as the period over which solids are accreted strongly impact the results, while for the planetesimal model it depends on the planetesimal size and on the splitting in the amount of solids available to form planetesimals
Periodic Bursts of Coherent Radio Emission from an Ultracool Dwarf
We report the detection of periodic (p = 1.96 hours) bursts of extremely
bright, 100% circularly polarized, coherent radio emission from the M9 dwarf
TVLM 513-46546. Simultaneous photometric monitoring observations have
established this periodicity to be the rotation period of the dwarf. These
bursts, which were not present in previous observations of this target, confirm
that ultracool dwarfs can generate persistent levels of broadband, coherent
radio emission, associated with the presence of kG magnetic fields in a
large-scale, stable configuration. Compact sources located at the magnetic
polar regions produce highly beamed emission generated by the electron
cyclotron maser instability, the same mechanism known to generate planetary
coherent radio emission in our solar system. The narrow beams of radiation pass
our line of sight as the dwarf rotates, producing the associated periodic
bursts. The resulting radio light curves are analogous to the periodic light
curves associated with pulsar radio emission highlighting TVLM 513-46546 as the
prototype of a new class of transient radio source.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
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