Une étude sociophonétique des affriquées désonorisées en franco-québécois

Cette étude montre que la dynamique de la variation linguistique des affriquées, notamment en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de désonorisation, est non seulement soumise à des pressions d’ordre combinatoire, mais réagit aussi à des facteurs sociaux.Ainsi, cette analyse révèle qu’outre l’influence de l’environnement phonétique, les facteurs sexe (les femmes assibilant moins et dévoisant plus leurs articulations que les hommes) et région d’origine (les locuteurs de Chicoutimi assibilant et dévoisant moins que ceux de Québec) sont à prendre en considération dans l’explicattion de la variation linguistique.This study shows that the dynamic of the linguistic variation of affricates doesn't only depend on the place of articulation, but reacts to some social factors, as well and notably with devoicing phenomenon.Indeed, a close analysis reveals that, apart from the influence of the phonetic environment, a sexual factor (women tend to assibilate less and devoice more than men) and a local one (people from Chicoutimi tend to assibilate and devoice less than people from Quebec) are to be taken into account to explain this linguistic variation

Functional analysis of novel genes differentially expressed genes in heart/hemangioblast precursor cells (H/HPC)

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Enseignement de la grammaire dans les manuels de français langue étrangère et approche actionnelle

Les auteurs de manuels reprennent les préconisations du Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (CECRL) pour déterminer leurs contenus et se placent aujourd’hui dans une approche actionnelle. Cet article montre, à partir de l’analyse de 8 manuels de français langue étrangère pour adultes et grands adolescents, que les auteurs suivent un schéma qui devient classique pour la démarche d’enseignement/ apprentissage de la grammaire. En effet, les auteurs proposent une grammaire inductive et explicite dans le cadre d’activités souvent contextualisées au service de tâches communicatives, mais qui ne relèvent pas d’une logique « documentation » comme on pourrait s’y attendre dans une approche actionnelle.Textbook authors use the recommendations of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) to determine their contents and they adopt an action-oriented approach. This article shows, from the analysis of 8 French as a foreign language textbooks for adults and adolescents, that the authors follow a pattern which becomes classical for the grammar teaching approach. Indeed, the authors propose an inductive and explicit grammar in the framework of activities often contextualized in the service of communicative tasks. However, these activities do not correspond to a “documentation” logic as one would expect in an action-oriented approach

L’authenticité, une notion à géométrie variable à travers les méthodologies

En France, dans les années 1970, une méthodologie dite « communicative » est apparue pour l’enseignement des langues et cultures étrangères, engendrant un renouvellement des manuels et des pratiques de classe. La notion de document authentique s’affirme dans cette période, comme un pivot à la charnière de ces évolutions. Elle prendra, dès lors, une place importante au sein des discours des didacticiens et des praticiens. Afin de parcourir les significations de cette notion selon les méthodologies et les points de vue adoptés, nous proposons d’observer un corpus de textes théoriques appartenant au champ du FLE et publiés entre 1970 et 2015.In France, in the 1970’s, a new methodology for the teaching of foreign languages and cultures emerged called “communicative”, leading to a renewal of textbooks and classroom practices. The notion of the authentic document, from a French perspective, asserted itself during this time as pivotal in these developments. It would, thereafter, play an important role in the discourse of didacticians and practitioners. In this contribution, we are interested in the evolution of the meanings of this notion according to the methodologies and points of view adopted

Identification of differentially expressed genes in the heart precursor cells of the chick embryo

Genetic evidence has implicated several genes as being critical for heart development. However, the inducers of these genes as well as their targets and pathways they are involved with, remain largely unknown. Previous studies in the avian embryo showed that at HH4 Cerberus (cCer) transcripts are detected in the anterior endomesoderm including the heart precursor cells and later in the left lateral plate mesoderm. We have identified a promoter element of chick cCer able to drive EGFP expression in a population of cells that consistently exit from the anterior primitive streak region, from as early as stage HH3+, and that later will populate the heart. Using this promoter element as a tool allowed us to identify novel genes previously not known to potentially play a role in heart development. In order to identify and study genes expressed and involved in the correct development and differentiation of the vertebrate heart precursor cell (HPC) lineages, a differential screening using Affymetrix GeneChip system technologies was performed. Remarkably, this screening led to the identification of more than 700 transcripts differentially expressed in the heart forming regions (HFR). Bioinformatic tools allowed us to filter the large amount of data generated from this approach and to select a few transcripts for in vivo validation. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and sectioning of selected genes showed heart and vascular expression patterns for these transcripts during early chick development. We have developed an effective strategy to specifically identify genes that are differentially expressed in the HPC lineages. Within this set we have identified several genes that are expressed in the heart, blood and vascular lineages, which are likely to play a role in their development. These genes are potential candidates for future functional studies on early embryonic patterning.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia Ph.D., PD and BI fellowships; FCT research grants; IGC/FCG; IBB/CBME

A window into δ Sct stellar interiors: understanding the eclipsing binary system TT Hor

The semi-detached eclipsing binary system TT Hor has a δ Sct primary component (accretor) accreting mass from the secondary star (donor). We fit an eclipsing binary model from V, B, and I photometry combined with spectroscopy using PHOEBE. Radial velocity variations of the centre of mass of TT Hor AB over two years suggest the presence of a wide companion, consistent with a Kozai–Lidov resonance formation process for TT Hor AB. Evolutionary models computed with MESA give the initial mass of the donor as ≈1.6 M⊙ and that of the accretor as ≈1.3 M⊙. The initial binary orbit has a similar initial separation to the currently observed separation of 11.4 R⊙. Mass transfer commences at an age of 2.5 Gyr when the donor is a subgiant. We model the accretor as a tidally locked 2.2 ± 0.2 M⊙ δ Sct pulsator which has accreted ≈0.9 M⊙ of slightly He-enriched material (mean ΔY < 0.01) from the donor over the last 90 Myr. The best fit from all measured parameters and evolutionary states is for a system metallicity of [M/H] = 0.15. A pulsation model of the primary gives a self-consistent set of modes. Our observed oscillation frequencies match to within 0.3 per cent and the system parameters within uncertainties. However, we cannot claim that our identified modes are definitive, and suggest follow-up time-series spectroscopy at high resolution in order to verify our identified modes. With the higher signal-to-noise ratio and continuous observations with TESS, more reliable mode identification due to frequency and amplitude changes during the eclipse is likely

Generating asymmetries in the early vertebrate embryo: the role of the Cerberus-like family

One fundamental aspect of vertebrate embryonic development is the formation of the body plan. For this process, asymmetries have to be generated during early stages of development along the three main body axes: Anterior-Posterior, Dorso-Ventral and Left-Right. We have been studying the role of a novel class of molecules,the Cerberus/Dan gene family. These are dedicated secreted antagonists of three major signaling pathways: Nodal, BMP and Wnt. Our studies contribute to the current view that the fine tuning of signaling is controlled by a set of inhibitory molecules rather than by activators. In this context, the Cerberus-like molecules emerge as key players in the regulation and generation of asymmetries in the early vertebrate embryo.C.R.U.P; F.C.T.; IGC/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkia

A genotyping array for the globally invasive vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus

Background: Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the preferred genotyping method for most genomic analyses, limitations are often experienced when studying genomes characterized by a high percentage of repetitive elements, high linkage, and recombination deserts. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), for example, has a genome comprising up to 72% repetitive elements, and therefore we set out to develop a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip to be more cost-effective. Aedes albopictus is an invasive species originating from Southeast Asia that has recently spread around the world and is a vector for many human diseases. Developing an accessible genotyping platform is essential in advancing biological control methods and understanding the population dynamics of this pest species, with significant implications for public health. Methods: We designed a SNP chip for Ae. albopictus (Aealbo chip) based on approximately 2.7 million SNPs identified using WGS data from 819 worldwide samples. We validated the chip using laboratory single-pair crosses, comparing technical replicates, and comparing genotypes of samples genotyped by WGS and the SNP chip. We then used the chip for a population genomic analysis of 237 samples from 28 sites in the native range to evaluate its usefulness in describing patterns of genomic variation and tracing the origins of invasions. Results: Probes on the Aealbo chip targeted 175,396 SNPs in coding and non-coding regions across all three chromosomes, with a density of 102 SNPs per 1 Mb window, and at least one SNP in each of the 17,461 protein-coding genes. Overall, 70% of the probes captured the genetic variation. Segregation analysis found that 98% of the SNPs followed expectations of single-copy Mendelian genes. Comparisons with WGS indicated that sites with genotype disagreements were mostly heterozygotes at loci with WGS read depth \u3c 20, while there was near complete agreement with WGS read depths \u3e 20, indicating that the chip more accurately detects heterozygotes than low-coverage WGS. Sample sizes did not affect the accuracy of the SNP chip genotype calls. Ancestry analyses identified four to five genetic clusters in the native range with various levels of admixture. Conclusions: The Aealbo chip is highly accurate, is concordant with genotypes from WGS with high sequence coverage, and may be more accurate than low-coverage WGS. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) © The Author(s) 2024

Les langues dans la famille : introduction au numéro

[La] famille est le lieu privilégié de la socialisation première, comprise comme les liens qui s’instaurent entre un bébé et l’entourage immédiat (parents, fratrie, famille élargie...). L’enfant fait son apparition dans un milieu familial où l’utilisation de la ou des langues est relativement codifiée (qu’il y ait des usages mono, bi ou plurilingues, impliquant des dialectes et/ou des langues standard). Mais, au moment où ils vont devenir parents, les individus peuvent être confrontés à des q..

Comparative expression of mouse and chicken shisa homologues during early development

During vertebrate embryogenesis, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt signaling have been implicated in diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and tissue patterning. The recently identified Xenopus Shisa protein promotes head formation by inhibiting Wnt and FGF signaling through its interaction with the immature forms of Frizzled and FGF receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum, which prevents their posttranslational maturation. Here, we describe the mouse and chicken homologues of Xenopus Shisa. The mouse and chicken Shisa proteins share, respectively, 33.6% and 33.8% identity with the Xenopus homolog. In situ hybridization analysis shows that mouse shisa is expressed throughout embryonic development, predominantly in the anterior visceral endoderm, headfolds, somites, forebrain, optic vesicle, and limb buds. Cross-species comparison shows that the expression pattern of cshisa closely mirrors that of mshisa. Our observations indicate that the Shisa family genes are typically expressed in tissues known to require the modulation of Wnt and FGF signaling. Developmental Dynamics 235:2567-2573, 2006. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc