Suivi technique, analytique et microbiologique de la « bili bili »,bière traditionnelle tchadienne

Technical, analytical and microbiological follow-up of the "bili bili", Chadian traditional beerTo improve our knowledge of the artisanal process of manufacture of the "bili bili", carried out some measurements (operation time, temperature, pH, concentrations and we mass of dry matter, total carbohydrates, fermentable carbohydrates, lactic acid, ethanol,number of total bacteria, lactic bacteria and yeast) at different stages. The influence of operating conditions on the artisanal process of malting, mixing, acidification and fermentation were analyzed. The results obtained made it possible to identify and characterize the main physico-chemical and biological changes during the production of this beer. Moreover, as the European beers the "bili bili" results the same  technological process but showed a double lactic fermentation. These results also made it possible to suggest improvements of the production procedure that could economize the energy significantly

Identification and typing of the yeast strains isolated from bili bili, a traditional sorghum beer of Chad

Seventy six yeast strains isolated form bili bili and others sample were identified and typed in purpose of selecting appropriate starter culture. Identification techniques included conventional phenetic method, PCR/RFLP of NTS2 rDNA region, partial sequencing of the D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA and karyotyping using contour clamped homogenous electric field (CHEF) technique. The Saccharomyces cereviseiae strains were also compared to industrial strains according to their fermentation profiles on maltose in the presence of 2- eoxy-D-glucose and to their karyotypes. We observed that the fermentation of bili bili was carried out by an indigenous natural flora predominantly represented by highly polymorphic S. cerevisiae strains whereas early steps in the process were carried out mainly by Kluyveromyces maxianus strains. All of the S. cerevisiae strains which were used in trial fermentation gave a good rate of fermentation suggesting that they may be used as starter cultures.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (7), pp. 646-656, 00

From segment to somite: segmentation to epithelialization analyzed within quantitative frameworks

One of the most visually striking patterns in the early developing embryo is somite segmentation. Somites form as repeated, periodic structures in pairs along nearly the entire caudal vertebrate axis. The morphological process involves short- and long-range signals that drive cell rearrangements and cell shaping to create discrete, epithelialized segments. Key to developing novel strategies to prevent somite birth defects that involve axial bone and skeletal muscle development is understanding how the molecular choreography is coordinated across multiple spatial scales and in a repeating temporal manner. Mathematical models have emerged as useful tools to integrate spatiotemporal data and simulate model mechanisms to provide unique insights into somite pattern formation. In this short review, we present two quantitative frameworks that address the morphogenesis from segment to somite and discuss recent data of segmentation and epithelialization

Nucleic Acids Res

The function of genes is often evolutionarily conserved, and comparing the annotation of ortholog genes in different model organisms has proved to be a powerful predictive tool to identify the function of human genes. Here, we describe Manteia, a resource available online at http://manteia.igbmc.fr. Manteia allows the comparison of embryological, expression, molecular and etiological data from human, mouse, chicken and zebrafish simultaneously to identify new functional and structural correlations and gene-disease associations. Manteia is particularly useful for the analysis of gene lists produced by high-throughput techniques such as microarrays or proteomics. Data can be easily analyzed statistically to characterize the function of groups of genes and to correlate the different aspects of their annotation. Sophisticated querying tools provide unlimited ways to merge the information contained in Manteia along with the possibility of introducing custom user-designed biological questions into the system. This allows for example to connect all the animal experimental results and annotations to the human genome, and take advantage of data not available for human to look for candidate genes responsible for genetic disorders. Here, we demonstrate the predictive and analytical power of the system to predict candidate genes responsible for human genetic diseases

Assessment of Cavitation Erosion With a URANS Method

An assessment of the cavitation erosion risk by using a contemporary unsteady Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method in conjunction with a newly developed postprocessing procedure is made for an NACA0015 hydrofoil and an NACA0018-45 hydrofoil, without the necessity to compute the details of the actual collapses. This procedure is developed from detailed investigations on the flow over a hydrofoil. It is observed that the largescale structures and typical unsteady dynamics predicted by the URANS method with the modified shear stress transport (SST) k-x turbulence model are in fair agreement with the experimental observations. An erosion intensity function for the assessment of the risk of cavitation erosion on the surface of hydrofoils by using unsteady RANS simulations as input is proposed, based on the mean value of the time derivative of the local pressure that exceeds a certain threshold. A good correlation is found between the locations with a computed high erosion risk and the damage area observed from paint tests