Difficultés diagnostiques de la tuberculose cérébrale

AbstractTuberculosis is one of the most widespread infectious diseases in the world. It constitutes amajor public health problem, especially in developing countries, including Algeria. Globallyand among all tuberculosis cases, WHO reports 14% extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPT) withoutconcomitant pulmonary involvement. In our country and in recent years, an upsurge inextrapulmonary tuberculosis has been observed.The objective of this article was to present an atypical case of cerebral tuberculosis whosediagnosis was late, made by anatomopathological examination with a review of the literature.We report the case of a young patient hospitalized in emergency for an intracranial hypertensionsyndrome with neurological disorders. Cerebral computed tomographyrevealed multiple brain locations with active hydrocephalus. The extension assessment waswithout anomaly.The patient underwent a surgical intervention, the operative consequenceswere favorable. The pathological examination was in favor of a specific inflammatory granulomatouslesion made up of large areas of caseous necrosis.The patient was cured under anti-tuberculosis treatment. The diagnostic problem and theresults will be discussed with a review of the literature. Cerebral tuberculosis is a rare formof extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The clinic as well as the neuroimaging (CT, MRI) are atypical.The diagnosis is postoperative, based on the pathological examination. The prognosisdepends on the early diagnosis, the site of the lesion and the response to anti-tuberculosistreatment. RésuméLa tuberculose est une des maladies infectieuses les plus répandues dans le monde .Ellereprésente un problème de santé publique majeur dans les pays en voie de développement,y compris l’Algérie .À l’échelle mondiale et parmi tous les cas de tuberculose, l’OMS rapporte 14 % detuberculose extra-pulmonaire (TEP) sans atteinte pulmonaire concomitante.Dans notre pays et durant ces dernières années, une recrudescence de la tuberculoseextrapulmonaire a été observée.L’objectif de cet article était de présenter un cas atypique de tuberculose cérébraledont le diagnostic a été tardif, posé par l’examen anatomopathologique avec une revuede la littérature.C’est le cas d’une jeune patiente hospitalisée dans le cadre de l’urgence pour un syndromed’hypertension intracrânienne avec troubles neurologiques. La tomodensitométriecérébrale a objectivé de multiples localisations cérébrales avec une hydrocéphalieactive. Le bilan d’extension était sans anomalie. La patiente avait bénéficié d’une interventionchirurgicale, les suites opératoires ont été favorables. L’examen anatomo-pathologiqueétait en faveur d’une lésion inflammatoire spécifique granulomateuse faitede larges plages de nécrose caséeuse. La patiente a répondu au traitement antituberculeux.Le problème diagnosticque et les résultats seront discutés avec une revue de la littérature.La tuberculose cérébrale est une forme rare de la tuberculose extra-pulmonaire.Le tableau clinique ainsi que la neuro-imagerie (TDM, IRM) sont atypiques. Le diagnosticétait postopératoire, reposant sur l’examen anatomopathologique. Le pronostic dépendde la précocité du diagnostic, du siège de la lésion et de la réponse au traitement antituberculeux

Algerian intonational proficiency in English: An empirical study

Rather than a thorough analysis, the present work should be regarded as a contribution to the study of intonation. More particularly, it concentrates on the intonational proficiency of a sample of Algerian speakers of English (ASE). The investigation consisted mainly of two experiments. The first one was a Production Test and aimed at gathering a speech sample of ASE, as well as a sample of native speech to be used as a control. So a test was designed and submitted to twenty ASE (ten males and ten females) and five native speakers (two males and three females). The test consisted of ten units. The first four were highly controllable and also analysed instrumentally; whereas the remaining ones were increasingly less controllable. The second experiment was a Perception Test and aimed at evaluating the data by an audience of 160 native English listeners. Here, due to the large number of utterances, only the first four units were considered. From the outset, a number of questions were raised, the most important of which are as follows. How successful do ASE manage to be in manipulating intonation so as to convey specific meanings? What are the major errors and how can they be categorized? How do ASE make Halliday's three dimensional decisions (i.e. 'tonality', 'tonicity' and 'tone')? Despite numerous errors, most Algerian utterances were correctly understood. ASE tend to divide their speech into far more intonation groups than natives do. 'Tonicity' and 'tone' errors did also occur. While attempting to answer those questions, further observations were made. The speech rhythm of the ASE tends to be syllable-timed. Rhythmic errors took place, e.g. failure to use weak forms. Short vowels tend to be lengthened. Another peculiar finding is the existence of falling and rising 'gestures' independent of nuclei. Equally peculiar is the existence of fall-level and rise- fall-level tones. Finally, the error causing the most serious communication breakdown is wrong placement of stress

A Review of Fault Diagnosing Methods in Power Transmission Systems

Transient stability is important in power systems. Disturbances like faults need to be segregated to restore transient stability. A comprehensive review of fault diagnosing methods in the power transmission system is presented in this paper. Typically, voltage and current samples are deployed for analysis. Three tasks/topics; fault detection, classification, and location are presented separately to convey a more logical and comprehensive understanding of the concepts. Feature extractions, transformations with dimensionality reduction methods are discussed. Fault classification and location techniques largely use artificial intelligence (AI) and signal processing methods. After the discussion of overall methods and concepts, advancements and future aspects are discussed. Generalized strengths and weaknesses of different AI and machine learning-based algorithms are assessed. A comparison of different fault detection, classification, and location methods is also presented considering features, inputs, complexity, system used and results. This paper may serve as a guideline for the researchers to understand different methods and techniques in this field

Active Disturbance Rejection Control of LCL-Filtered Grid-Connected Inverter Using Pade Approximation

In this paper, a simplified robust control is proposed to improve the performance of a three-phase current controlled voltage source inverter connected to the grid through an inductive-capacitive-inductive ( LCL) filter. The presence of the LCL-filter resonance complicates the dynamics of the control system and limits its overall performance, particularly when disturbances and parametric uncertainty are considered. To solve this problem, a robust active damping method based on the linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is proposed. The simplification is made possible by order reduction in the plant transfer function using Padé approximation. Simulation results show that the proposed LADRC-based current controller achieves high power quality and good dynamic performance, in the presence of parameters uncertainties as well as external disturbances. An experimental prototype is built to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed control strategy

THE ELABORATION OF THE MENTAL TRAINING PROGRAM AND EVALUATION OF ITS EFFECTS ON THE LEARNING OF YOUNG FOOTBALLERS

The purpose of this study is to know that the mental training through imagery allows improving the learning of individual defensive tactical principles in young footballers, and validate the program by experimental procedures that is to say, to study its effects on learning in young footballers. Twelve national footballers, aged 12 ± 1year participated in the experiment. Among this population, two groups including a group of physical training, technical, tactical (EPTT) and a group of physical training, technical, tactical and mental (EPTTM) were formed. The group (EPTTM) was subjected to 32 mental training sessions of 20 minutes spread over 4 months with two sessions per week. The compendium of measures was made by the experimenter. These measures consisted of all ratings assigned by judges; experts obtained by the players during the various competitions, tactical execution notes were identified and recorded in the form of penalty. The average individual tactical principles (marking, pressing, cover, superiority), footballers Group (EPTTM) increased significantly mannered penalty charges reduce the pre-test to post-test (1.93point vs 0.76 point p <0.05) ., while the players of the group (EPTT) increased insignificantly penalty charges decrease from pre-test to post-test (vs 1.66 1.86point point p> 0.05). The homogeneity of the groups (EPTTM) and (EPTT) during the pre-test, allows to suggest that mental training produces a better learning of the principles of individual tactics. This assessment allowed us to test the hypothesis raised. Indeed, the mental training associated with physical training, technical, tactical causes an improved learning of individual defense principles.   Article visualizations

دور القيادة الإدارية في تحقيق جودة التكوين في قطاع التعليم العالي دراسة حالة جامعة محمد خيض

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور القيادة الإدارية في تحقيق جودة التكوين في قطاع التعليم العالي- دراسة حالة جامعة محمد خيضر بسكرة- و سعيًا لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة استخدمت الطالبة الباحثة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي،إذ اعتمدت في بحث طبيعة الدور،استبيان لقياس القيادة الإدارية و استبيان لقياس جودة التعليم العالي من إعداد الطالبة الباحثة، بالاطلاع على الأدبيات النظرية للموضوع ، وتم تطبيق أداة البحث على مجتمع الدراسة، والمتمثل في أساتذة جامعة محمد خيضر بسكرة وبلغ حجم العينة (170) أستاذا وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية : • توجد علاقة إرتباطية موجبة بين نمط القيادة الإدارية الديمقراطي و جودة التعليم العالي لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة . • النمط القيادي السائد هو النمط الديمقراطي لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة. • مستوى جودة التعليم العالي مرتفع من وجهة نظر أفراد عينة الدراسة. • لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في متغير القيادة الإدارية في آراء أفراد عينة الدارسة تبعا للمتغيرات الديمغرافية ( الجنس، الرتبة العلمية، الأقدمية المهنية ) • لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في متغير جودة التعليم العالي في آراء أفراد عينة الدارسة تبعا للمتغيرات الديمغرافية ( الجنس، الرتبة العلمية، الأقدمية المهنية )

Mécanismes moléculaires de la régulation du facteur de transcription Shavenbaby par les peptides Pri, chez la drosophile

Le grand projet des séquençages des génomes a marqué à la fin des 1990 l'entrée dans l'ère post-génomique. Les premiers travaux d'annotation ont révélé que la proportion codante des génomes est infime (seul 2-3% du génome est transcrit en ARN messagers, ARNm). Par ailleurs, les progrès en transcriptomique ont quant à eux démontré que la grande majorité du génome est transcrite, soulignant ainsi la grande part d'informations qu'il reste à découvrir. Une des découvertes issues des analyses transcriptomiques est qu'il existe un grand nombre de longs ARN non-codants (lncRNAs). Ils ont été classés ainsi sur la base du seuil historique de 100 codons en deçà duquel on considérait que le cadre ouvert de lecture présent n'avait que peu de chance d'être biologiquement significatif. Pourtant, des études ont montré que ces lncRNAs, à l'instar des ARNm, peuvent être coiffés, épissés et polyadénylés, trois étapes corrélées avec la traduction de l'ARN en protéine. De plus, ils présentent des patrons d'expression hautement régulés au cours du développement d'invertébrés (drosophile) ou de mammifères (souris). Ceci suggérant que ces lncRNAs puissent être impliqués dans l'embryogenèse, des mutations ont été générées et pour certains le résultat est sans appel : un développement incorrect suivi de la mort. C'est le cas du lncRNA polished-rice (pri) identifié chez les insectes, et plus particulièrement chez la drosophile, l'organisme sur lequel nous travaillons. Lorsqu'il est muté, pri est embryonnaire létal. Ceci est accompagné d'un phénotype notoire : la cuticule des embryons est lisse, elle ne présente pas de structure en forme de poil : les trichomes. Les travaux sur pri ont montré que sa fonction dépend de l'expression de 4 peptides Pri (11- 32aa), démontrant l'inadéquation du seuil de 100 résidus. Nous étudions la différenciation terminale des cellules épidermiques embryonnaires (formant les trichomes) comme paradigme de la morphogenèse cellulaire. Nos études avaient attribué ce remodelage à un facteur de transcription : Shavenbaby (Svb), nécessaire et suffisant à la formation des trichomes. En effet, dans les cellules où il est exprimé, Svb induit l'expression d'une centaine de gènes-cibles impliqués dans la formation d'une extension au pôle apical. L'expression de Svb n'est pas altérée dans un mutant pri, et réciproquement, plaçant Svb et les peptides Pri au même niveau dans le programme de différenciation du trichome. Grâce à diverses approches (crible RNAi en culture cellulaire, découpage moléculaire de Svb suivi d'analyses biochimiques ou encore génétique chez la drosophile adulte), nous avons pu décrypter ce mécanisme nouveau où des peptides exprimés à partir de petits cadres ouverts de lecture (sPEP) contrôlent un programme génétique. En effet, nos travaux montrent que les peptides Pri sont requis dans la formation d'un complexe entre Svb et Ubr3 (une E3 ubiquitine-ligase). Ainsi, Svb est polyubiquitinylé et dirigé vers le protéasome, la machinerie de dégradation des protéines. Là, contrairement à la majorité des cas, Svb va subir une dégradation partielle. Nous montrons que ceci est dû à la structure même de Svb, dont certains domaines pourraient agir comme des blocs, empêchant sa dégradation totale. La région de Svb éliminée contient un domaine de répression, la forme courte de Svb relarguée un domaine d'activation. Cette dégradation partielle a donc pour conséquence un changement d'activité transcriptionnelle de Svb, de répresseur à activateur d'un programme génétique. Cette étude est, avec de rares autres, pionnière, en ce sens où elle décrit le mécanisme d'action de sPEP dans des processus de morphogenèse, et que de nombreux travaux démontrent que cette catégorie de molécules relativement nouvelle pourrait représenter un réservoir encore inexploré de fonctions biologiques.At the end of 1990's, genome sequencing projects have marked the beginning of the post-genomic area. First annotation works revealed that the coding proportion of genomes is quite little (only 2-3% is transcribed into messenger RNA, mRNA). Furthermore, we know thanks to transcriptomic progress that almost all the genome is transcribed, underlying the amount of information remaining to be discovered. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a great number of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such classified because of the historic 100 codons threshold. Indeed, behind 100 codons, an open reading frame (ORF) was considered as biologically meaningless. But studies have shown that, as mRNAs, lncRNAs are sometimes capped, spliced and polyadenylated, 3 synonymous step of an RNA translation into protein. Moreover, their expression pattern is highly regulated during invertebrate (drosophila) as well as mammals (mice) development, suggesting their involvement in embryogenesis. That's why mutation of some of them has been performed, leading sometimes to an irrevocable result: an improper development followed by death. That is what we observed with polished-rice (pri) lncRNA, identified in insects, especially in drosophila, the model organism we work on. When mutated, pri is embryonic lethal. This go with a strong smooth cuticle phenotype, which is unable to form typical hook structure: the trichomes. Pri studies have demonstrated that his function actually depend on 4 small peptides Pri (11-32aa) expression, showing as the 100 codons threshold was unsuitable. We work on the terminal differentiation of embryonic epidermal cell (forming trichome) as a paradigm of cell morphogenesis. Our studies have attributed this shape change to a transcription factor: Shavenbaby (Svb), necessary and sufficient to trichome formation. Indeed, in cells expressing Svb, it induces one hundred target genes expression, all of them involved in an extension formation at the apical pole of the cell. Svb expression is unaltered in pri mutant, and vice versa. Thus, Svb and Pri peptides are at a same level in the trichome differentiation program. Various approaches (as culture cell RNAi screen, molecular deciphering of Svb followed by biochemical analysis or genetic in adult drosophila) allowed us to understand this new mechanism in which small ORF encoded peptides (sPEP) control a genetic program. Our works demonstrate that Pri peptides trigger the interaction between Svb and Ubr3 (an E3 ubiquitin-ligase). Svb is thus polyubiquitynated and targeted to the proteasome, the proteins degradation factory. Here, unlike the majority of proteasomal degraded proteins, Svb undergoes a partial degradation. We show this is due to Svb own domains which may act as structural blocks, preventing the full degradation. The eliminated part of Svb contains a repressor domain and the released shorter form of Svb an activator one. This is why this partial degradation leads to a switch in Svb transcriptional activity, from a repressor to an activator of a morphogenesis program. This study, among few others, is pionner in describing sPEPs mode of action in morphogenesis process. Many works have now demonstrated that this relatively new class of molecules certainly embodies an unexplored reservoir of biological functions

An Improved MPPT Interleaved Boost Converter for Solar Electric Vehicle Application

International audienceAn interleaved boost dc/dc converter is developed featuring smaller input/output filters, faster dynamic response and lower device stress than conventional designs, for solar electric vehicle (SEV) applications. The converter is connected between the photovoltaic power generation and dc bus in a multisource energy storage system of a SEV. Typically, interleaved converters require a current control loop to reduce the input current ripples, the output voltage ripples, and the size of passive components with high efficiency. A Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller for a Photovoltaic (PV) solar system associated to backup source (Battery) guarantees an uninterrupted power supply and assist the propulsion of the vehicle during transients and recover energy during regenerative braking. The design, construction, and testing of an experimental hardware p rototype is presented, with the test results included

FC/Battery Power Management for Electric Vehicle Based Interleaved DC-DC Boost Converter Topology

International audienceDue to the fact that the environmental issues have become more serious recently, interest in renewable energy systems, such as, fuel-cells (FCs) has increased steadfastly. Among many types of FCs, proton exchange membrane FC (PEMFC) is one of the most promising power sources due to its advantages, such as, low operation temperature, high power density and low emission. However, using only PEMFC for electric vehicle may not be feasible to satisfy the peak demand changes especially during accelerations and braking. So, hybridizing PEMFC and an energy storage system (ESS) decreases the FC cost and improves its performance and life. Battery (B) appears to be the most powerful candidate to hybridize with PEMFC for vehicular applications. Therefore, the performance of PEMFC/B hybridization is limited considerably by the performance of the converter. Thus, a suitable dc-dc converter topology is required. Various isolated and nonisolated converter topologies for FC applications have been proposed in literature. The objective of this study is to design and simulate a fuel cell - interleaved boost dc-dc converter (FC-IBC) for hybrid power systems in electric vehicle application, in order to decrease the FC current ripple. Therefore Energetic efficiency can also be improved. A control strategy capable of determining the desired FC power and keeps the dc voltage around its nominal value by supplying propulsion power and recuperating braking energy is designed and tested with an urbane electric vehicle model