22 research outputs found
Rising out of the ashes: Additive genetic variation for crown and collar resistance to Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in Fraxinus excelsior
Since the early 1990s, ash dieback due to the invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is threatening Fraxinus excelsior in most of its natural range. Previous studies reported significant levels of genetic variability in susceptibility in F. excelsior either in field or inoculation experiments. The present study was based on a field experiment planted in 1995, 15 years before onset of the disease. Crown and collar status were monitored on 777 trees from 23 open-pollinated progenies originating from three French provenances. Health status was modeled using a Bayesian approach where spatiotemporal effects were explicitly taken into account. Moderate narrow-sense heritability was found for crown dieback (h2 = 0.42). This study is first to show that resistance at the collar level is also heritable (h2 = 0.49 for collar lesions prevalence and h2 = 0.42 for their severity) and that there is significant genetic correlation (r = 0.40) between the severities of crown and collar symptoms. There was no evidence for differences between provenances. Family effects were detected, but computing individual breeding values showed that most of the genetic variation lies within families. In agreement with previous reports, early flushing correlates with healthier crown. Implications of these results in disease management and breeding are discussed
PĂ©rigord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis
LetterInternational audienceThe PĂ©rigord black truffle ( Vittad.) and the Piedmont white truffle dominate today's truffle market. The hypogeous fruiting body of is a gastronomic delicacy produced by an ectomycorrhizal symbiont endemic to calcareous soils in southern Europe. The worldwide demand for this truffle has fuelled intense efforts at cultivation. Identification of processes that condition and trigger fruit body and symbiosis formation, ultimately leading to efficient crop production, will be facilitated by a thorough analysis of truffle genomic traits. In the ectomycorrhizal , the expansion of gene families may have acted as a 'symbiosis toolbox'. This feature may however reflect evolution of this particular taxon and not a general trait shared by all ectomycorrhizal species. To get a better understanding of the biology and evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, we report here the sequence of the haploid genome of , which at 125âmegabases is the largest and most complex fungal genome sequenced so far. This expansion results from a proliferation of transposable elements accounting for 58% of the genome. In contrast, this genome only contains 7,500 protein-coding genes with very rare multigene families. It lacks large sets of carbohydrate cleaving enzymes, but a few of them involved in degradation of plant cell walls are induced in symbiotic tissues. The latter feature and the upregulation of genes encoding for lipases and multicopper oxidases suggest that degrades its host cell walls during colonization. Symbiosis induces an increased expression of carbohydrate and amino acid transporters in both and , but the comparison of genomic traits in the two ectomycorrhizal fungi showed that genetic predispositions for symbiosis 'the symbiosis toolbox' evolved along different ways in ascomycetes and basidiomycete
Interactions between Climate Change and Pathogens
La forĂȘt est soumise Ă des changements rapides liĂ©s en particulier Ă la modification des cortĂšges parasitaires sous lâeffet des invasions biologiques et de lâĂ©volution du climat. LâĂ©mergence de problĂšmes parasitaires sous lâeffet du changement de climat a pu ĂȘtre documentĂ©e et le cas des pins confrontĂ©s au Sphaeropsis ou au Dothistroma, des chĂȘnes confrontĂ©s Ă lâoĂŻdium ou au Phytophthora seront dĂ©veloppĂ©s. LâĂ©mergence de bioagresseurs est une menace significative pouvant limiter lâutilisation de certaines de nos essences. Cette menace reste difficile Ă prĂ©voir principalement du fait de la mauvaise connaissance des communautĂ©s dâagents pathogĂšnes forestiers, mĂȘme si elle apparaĂźt moindre que celle reprĂ©sentĂ©e par les microorganismes invasifs. Ces problĂšmes sanitaires sont dâautant plus prĂ©occupants que leur action limite le panel dâessences utilisables en forĂȘt, rĂ©duisant de ce fait nos capacitĂ©s dâadaptation aux changements globaux.Forests are subjected to rapid change connected in particular with the modified parasite succession as a result of biological invasions and climate change. The emergence of parasitic problems induced by climate change has been documented and the case of pines confronted with Sphaeropsis or Dothistroma, of oaks confronted with powdery mildew or Phytophthora is described. The emergence of pests is a major threat that could limit the use of some of our tree species. It is difficult to predict this threat mainly because of poor knowledge of forest pathogen communities although it appears to be less severe than the threat from invasive microorganisms. These plant health concerns are made even more alarming when their effect reduces the range of useable forest species, thereby reducing our ability to adapt to global changes
Relationships between soil factors, Quercus robur health, Collybia fusipes root infection and Phytophthora presence
About sixty oaks (Quercus robur), with different status of crown health,
located in three plots in north eastern France were assessed for their degree
of infection by C. fusipes. Baiting of Phytophthora spp. from soil was carried
out at different seasons in a sub sample of these oaks. The variability of soil
characteristics, such as depth to waterlogging signs and depth to a gravel layer
limiting rooting was evaluated. Soil factors were tightly correlated. Infection
induced by C. fusipes was significantly more severe in non-waterlogged conditions.
In two plots Phytophthora spp. were present at the base of the majority of trees
investigated. Success of Phytophthora isolation was significantly linked with
the season. The crown health status deteriorates with increasing severity
of infection by C. fusipes and with the depth to waterlogging. Conversely,
Phytophthora was not correlated with crown health status.Relations entre les facteurs du sol, l'Ă©tat du houppier de Quercus robur,
les infections racinaires induites par Collybia fusipes et la présence
de Phytophthora. Le niveau d'infection induit par Collybia fusipes a été
Ă©valuĂ© sur environ 60 chĂȘnes pĂ©donculĂ©s (Quercus robur) prĂ©sentant diffĂ©rents
états sanitaires, situés dans trois parcelles du nord-est de la France. Le piégeage des
Phytophthora spp. présents dans le sol a été effectué sur un sous-échantillon
de chĂȘnes Ă diffĂ©rentes saisons. La variabilitĂ© des facteurs du sol concernant la
profondeur d'apparition des traces d'hydromorphie et la profondeur d'apparition
d'un plancher de graviers limitant l'enracinement a été évaluée. Les facteurs
du sol étaient fortement inter-dépendants. Les infections induites par C. fusipes
diminuaient lorsque les traces d'hydromorphie apparaissaient plus profondément.
Différentes espÚces de Phytophthora ont été détectées dans deux des trois parcelles.
Les Phytophthora Ă©taient alors prĂ©sents Ă la base de la majoritĂ© des chĂȘnes.
La détection positive des Phytophthora était fortement liée à la saison de piégeage.
L'Ă©tat sanitaire des chĂȘnes diminuait avec la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des infections induites
par C. fusipes et la profondeur d'apparition des traces d'hydromorphie.
Au contraire, aucun lien n'a pu ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence entre l'Ă©tat sanitaire
des chĂȘnes et la prĂ©sence du Phytophthora dans le sol
Relationships between soil factors, Quercus robur health, Collybia fusipes root infection and Phytophthora presence
About sixty oaks (Quercus robur), with different status of crown health,
located in three plots in north eastern France were assessed for their degree
of infection by C. fusipes. Baiting of Phytophthora spp. from soil was carried
out at different seasons in a sub sample of these oaks. The variability of soil
characteristics, such as depth to waterlogging signs and depth to a gravel layer
limiting rooting was evaluated. Soil factors were tightly correlated. Infection
induced by C. fusipes was significantly more severe in non-waterlogged conditions.
In two plots Phytophthora spp. were present at the base of the majority of trees
investigated. Success of Phytophthora isolation was significantly linked with
the season. The crown health status deteriorates with increasing severity
of infection by C. fusipes and with the depth to waterlogging. Conversely,
Phytophthora was not correlated with crown health status.Relations entre les facteurs du sol, l'Ă©tat du houppier de Quercus robur,
les infections racinaires induites par Collybia fusipes et la présence
de Phytophthora. Le niveau d'infection induit par Collybia fusipes a été
Ă©valuĂ© sur environ 60 chĂȘnes pĂ©donculĂ©s (Quercus robur) prĂ©sentant diffĂ©rents
états sanitaires, situés dans trois parcelles du nord-est de la France. Le piégeage des
Phytophthora spp. présents dans le sol a été effectué sur un sous-échantillon
de chĂȘnes Ă diffĂ©rentes saisons. La variabilitĂ© des facteurs du sol concernant la
profondeur d'apparition des traces d'hydromorphie et la profondeur d'apparition
d'un plancher de graviers limitant l'enracinement a été évaluée. Les facteurs
du sol étaient fortement inter-dépendants. Les infections induites par C. fusipes
diminuaient lorsque les traces d'hydromorphie apparaissaient plus profondément.
Différentes espÚces de Phytophthora ont été détectées dans deux des trois parcelles.
Les Phytophthora Ă©taient alors prĂ©sents Ă la base de la majoritĂ© des chĂȘnes.
La détection positive des Phytophthora était fortement liée à la saison de piégeage.
L'Ă©tat sanitaire des chĂȘnes diminuait avec la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© des infections induites
par C. fusipes et la profondeur d'apparition des traces d'hydromorphie.
Au contraire, aucun lien n'a pu ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence entre l'Ă©tat sanitaire
des chĂȘnes et la prĂ©sence du Phytophthora dans le sol
Possible effects of global change on symbiotic micro-organisms, pathogens and pests in forests
L'élévation de la teneur atmosphérique en CO2 influe surtout indirectement sur les micro-organismes et ravageurs forestiers, par le biais des modifications du climat et de la végétation : perturbation des équilibres entre les arbres et leurs parasites et ravageurs, émergence de nouvelles associations, développement des organismes et insectes inféodés aux arbres affaiblis, modification de la qualité nutritive des feuilles consommées par les insectes défoliateurs... Face à la complexité des changements attendus, il est trÚs difficile d'en prévoir les conséquences pour un parasite ou un ravageur donné. Il est cependant probable que les cortÚges parasitaires actuels seront modifiés et que de nouveaux problÚmes surgiront plus fréquemment à l'avenir
Water - A vector for pathogens. The case of Alder Phytophthora
Avec lâair, le sol, le matĂ©riel vĂ©gĂ©tal, la faune et lâactivitĂ© humaine, lâeau est un vecteur potentiel dâagents pathogĂšnes. GrĂące aux zoospores, propagules infectieuses motiles dans lâeau, les parasites du genre Phytophthora sont particuliĂšrement concernĂ©s par ce mode de dissĂ©mination dans les milieux anthropisĂ©s (irrigation en pĂ©piniĂšres) et dans les milieux naturels. Le dĂ©pĂ©rissement des aulnaies en ripisylve dĂ» Ă Phytophthora alni est un bon modĂšle dâĂ©tude du rĂŽle de lâeau de riviĂšre dans lâĂ©pidĂ©miologie de la maladie. Nous avons menĂ© une enquĂȘte Ă©pidĂ©miologique en 2004 qui a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que 17 % des aulnes sont malades le long de la Meuse, la Moselle, la Sarre et leurs affluents. PrĂšs de 80 % des sites prospectĂ©s rĂ©partis sur 35 cours dâeau sont infectĂ©s. Les principaux facteurs de risque associĂ©s Ă la maladie sont la vitesse du courant et la tempĂ©rature de lâeau. Les riviĂšres Ă eaux calmes et tempĂ©rĂ©es de plateaux calcaires et de plaines prĂ©sentent des taux de dĂ©pĂ©rissement dâaulnes plus importants que les riviĂšres Ă eaux vives et fraĂźches de moyenne montagne, de piĂ©mont et cĂŽtes calcaires.Together with the air, soil, plant material, the fauna and human activity, water too is a potential vector for pathogens. Through the zoospores, infectious propagules that are free-moving in water, this mode of dissemination in anthropogenic environments (irrigated nurseries) and in natural environments is of particular relevance with respect to Phytophthora genus parasites. Dieback of riverine elder forests due to Phytophthora alni offers a good study model for the role played by river water in the epidemiology of the disease. We conducted an epidemiological survey in 2004 that showed that 17 % of the elders along the Meuse, the Moselle, and Sarre Rivers and their tributaries are diseased. Nearly 80 % of the sites inspected, distributed over 35 watercourses, are infected. The main risk factors associated with the disease are the speed of flow and the temperature of the water. The rate of elder dieback is more severe where temperate rivers with quiet waters run through limestone tablelands and plains than where cool, fast-flowing rivers run through middle altitude mountains, foothills and hilly calcareous terrain
Strong Genetic Differentiation Between North American and European Populations of \u3ci\u3ePhytophthora alni\u3c/i\u3e subsp. \u3ci\u3euniformis\u3c/i\u3e
Alder decline caused by Phytophthora alni has been one of the most important diseases of natural ecosystems in Europe during the last 20 years. The emergence of P. alni subsp. alniâthe pathogen responsible for the epidemicâis linked to an interspecific hybridization event between two parental species: P. alni subsp. multiformis and P. alni subsp. uniformis. One of the parental species, P. alni subsp. uniformis, has been isolated in several European countries and, recently, in North America. The objective of this work was to assess the level of genetic diversity, the population genetic structure, and the putative reproduction mode and mating system of P. alni subsp. uniformis. Five new polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to contrast both geographical populations. The study comprised 71 isolates of P. alni subsp. uniformis collected from eight European countries and 10 locations in North America. Our results revealed strong differences between continental populations (Fst = 0.88; Rst = 0.74), with no evidence for gene flow. European isolates showed extremely low genetic diversity compared with the North American collection. Selfing appears to be the predominant mating system in both continental collections. The results suggest that the European P. alni subsp. uniformis population is most likely alien and derives from the introduction of a few individuals, whereas the North American population probably is an indigenous population