Sensory contribution to vocal emotion deficit in patients with cerebellar stroke

In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of cerebellar involvement in emotion processing. Difficulties in the recognition of emotion from voices (i.e., emotional prosody) have been observed following cerebellar stroke. However, the interplay between sensory and higher-order cognitive dysfunction in these deficits, as well as possible hemispheric specialization for emotional prosody processing, has yet to be elucidated. We investigated the emotional prosody recognition performances of patients with right versus left cerebellar lesions, as well as of matched controls, entering the acoustic features of the stimuli in our statistical model. We also explored the cerebellar lesion-behavior relationship, using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Results revealed impairment of vocal emotion recognition in both patient subgroups, particularly for neutral or negative prosody, with a higher number of misattributions in patients with right-hemispheric stroke. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping showed that some emotional misattributions correlated with lesions in the right Lobules VIIb and VIII and right Crus I and II. Furthermore, a significant proportion of the variance in this misattribution was explained by acoustic features such as pitch, loudness, and spectral aspects. These results point to bilateral posterior cerebellar involvement in both the sensory and cognitive processing of emotions

Electroencephalographic Abnormalities in a Patient Suffering from Long-Term Neuropsychological Complications following SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Introduction: Emotional apathy has recently been identified as a common symptom of long COVID. While recent meta-analyses have demonstrated generalized EEG slowing with the emergence of delta rhythms in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, no EEG study or dopamine transporter scintigraphy (DaTSCAN) has been performed in patients with long COVID presenting with apathy. The objective of this case report was to explore the pathophysiology of neuropsychological symptoms in long COVID. Case Presentation: A 47-year-old patient who developed a long COVID with prominent apathy following an initially clinically mild SARS-CoV-2 infection underwent neuropsychological assessment, cerebral MRI, DaTSCAN, and resting-state high-density EEG 7 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The EEG data were compared to those of 21 healthy participants. The patient presented with apathy, cognitive difficulties with dysexecutive syndrome, moderate attentional and verbal episodic memory disturbances, and resolution of premorbid mild gaming disorder, mild mood disturbances, and sleep disturbances. His MRI and DaTSCAN were unremarkable. EEG revealed a complex pattern of oscillatory abnormalities compared to the control group, with a strong increase in whole-scalp delta and beta band activity, as well as a decrease in alpha band activity. Overall, these effects were more prominent in the frontal-central-temporal region. Conclusion: These results suggest widespread changes in EEG oscillatory patterns in a patient with long COVID characterized by neuropsychological complications with prominent apathy. Despite the inherent limitations of a case report, these results suggest dysfunction in the cortical networks involved in motivation and emotion

Rôle du noyau subthalamique dans les fonctions exécutives chez le patient Parkinsonien

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an input structure of the basal ganglia implicated in many behavioral processes (motor, cognitive and limbic control). However the electrophysiological correlates of these processes remain unclear. This thesis aims to clarify the role of the STN during 3 executive functions: reactive inhibition (suppression of a prepotent move), proactive inhibition (preparation to inhibit a move) and sustained attention. To this end, extracellular and local field potential activities were recorded in 28 patients with Parkinson's disease while they performed cognitive tasks, aiming to dissociate the neural correlates of these executive functions In a first study, local field potentials β (13-35 Hz) activity was recorded in the STN during reactive and proactive inhibition. Reactive Inhibition was related to a relative increase of β activity, while proactive inhibition was related to maintenance of a tonic level of β activity predictive of reactive inhibitory performances. In a second study, we showed that reactive inhibition is related to a phasic increase of firing rate in a neuronal subpopulation (n=7 neurons). In a third study, we recorded Local field potentials in the STN while patients performed a sustained attention-demanding task (combining a visual search and a delayed match-to-sample paradigm) and found a systematic suppression of 15-35 Hz activity during each repetition of the task directly related to the amount of attention allocated by the participants. Altogether, these results present electrophysiological evidences of the implication of the STN in these functions and clarify the temporal dynamics of neuronal activities supporting these processes. These results may suggest an implementation of various executive functions in the STN via common and interactive mechanisms which temporal dynamics would mediate behavioral control.Par sa connectivité directe avec le cortex, le noyau subthalamique (NST) représente une des structures d'entrée du système des ganglions de la base, et se trouve impliqué dans différents aspects du comportement (contrôle moteur, cognitif et limbique). Néanmoins, les corrélats électrophysiologiques de ces processus restent débattus. Les études effectuées dans le cadre de cette thèse visent à éclaircir le rôle possible du NST dans trois fonctions exécutives, à savoir l'inhibition réactive (suppression d'un mouvement programmé), l'inhibition proactive (préparation à inhiber son mouvement) et l'attention soutenue. Pour ce faire, les activités extracellulaires et/ou en potentiels de champs locaux du NST ont été enregistrées chez 28 patients parkinsoniens pendant qu'ils effectuaient des taches cognitives, visant à dissocier les corrélats de ces différentes fonctions exécutives. Dans une première étude, les activités en potentiel de champs locaux du NST lors de l'inhibition réactive et proactive ont été étudiées à l'aide d'un paradigme modifié du « stop signal ». L'inhibition réactive se caractérise par une augmentation rapide de synchronisation relative de l'activité du NST dans la bande de fréquence β (13-35 Hz), tandis que l'inhibition proactive se caractérise par la maintenance tonique d'un niveau élevé d'activité β qui prédit les performances des patients lors de l'inhibition réactive. Dans la seconde étude, nous avons montré qu'une population neuronale (n=7 neurones) augmente rapidement sa fréquence de décharge lors de l'inhibition réactive. Enfin, dans la troisième étude, nous avons utilisé un paradigme permettant de moduler le niveau attentionnel requis pour réaliser un comportement simple. Nos résultats indiquent qu'une baisse d'activité β est observée uniquement lorsque le sujet maintient une attention soutenue pour encoder, retrouver en mémoire une information afin de produire une réponse. L'ensemble de ces résultats nous ont permis d'apporter des preuves électrophysiologiques de l'implication du NST dans ces différentes fonctions et de clarifier la dynamique temporelle des activités neuronales supportant ces processus. Ils suggèrent ainsi l'hypothèse d'une implémentation de différents aspects du contrôle exécutif dans le NST via des mécanismes communs et interactifs dont la dynamique temporelle permettrait la modulation fine du comportement

Role of the Subthalamic Nucleus in executive and attentionnal functions in Parkinson disease patients

Par sa connectivité directe avec le cortex, le noyau subthalamique (NST) représente une des structures d'entrée du système des ganglions de la base, et se trouve impliqué dans différents aspects du comportement (contrôle moteur, cognitif et limbique). Néanmoins, les corrélats électrophysiologiques de ces processus restent débattus. Les études effectuées dans le cadre de cette thèse visent à éclaircir le rôle possible du NST dans trois fonctions exécutives, à savoir l'inhibition réactive (suppression d'un mouvement programmé), l'inhibition proactive (préparation à inhiber son mouvement) et l'attention soutenue. Pour ce faire, les activités extracellulaires et/ou en potentiels de champs locaux du NST ont été enregistrées chez 28 patients parkinsoniens pendant qu'ils effectuaient des taches cognitives, visant à dissocier les corrélats de ces différentes fonctions exécutives. Dans une première étude, les activités en potentiel de champs locaux du NST lors de l'inhibition réactive et proactive ont été étudiées à l'aide d'un paradigme modifié du « stop signal ». L'inhibition réactive se caractérise par une augmentation rapide de synchronisation relative de l'activité du NST dans la bande de fréquence β (13-35 Hz), tandis que l'inhibition proactive se caractérise par la maintenance tonique d'un niveau élevé d'activité β qui prédit les performances des patients lors de l'inhibition réactive. Dans la seconde étude, nous avons montré qu'une population neuronale (n=7 neurones) augmente rapidement sa fréquence de décharge lors de l'inhibition réactive. Enfin, dans la troisième étude, nous avons utilisé un paradigme permettant de moduler le niveau attentionnel requis pour réaliser un comportement simple. Nos résultats indiquent qu'une baisse d'activité β est observée uniquement lorsque le sujet maintient une attention soutenue pour encoder, retrouver en mémoire une information afin de produire une réponse. L'ensemble de ces résultats nous ont permis d'apporter des preuves électrophysiologiques de l'implication du NST dans ces différentes fonctions et de clarifier la dynamique temporelle des activités neuronales supportant ces processus. Ils suggèrent ainsi l'hypothèse d'une implémentation de différents aspects du contrôle exécutif dans le NST via des mécanismes communs et interactifs dont la dynamique temporelle permettrait la modulation fine du comportement.The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an input structure of the basal ganglia implicated in many behavioral processes (motor, cognitive and limbic control). However the electrophysiological correlates of these processes remain unclear. This thesis aims to clarify the role of the STN during 3 executive functions: reactive inhibition (suppression of a prepotent move), proactive inhibition (preparation to inhibit a move) and sustained attention. To this end, extracellular and local field potential activities were recorded in 28 patients with Parkinson's disease while they performed cognitive tasks, aiming to dissociate the neural correlates of these executive functions In a first study, local field potentials β (13-35 Hz) activity was recorded in the STN during reactive and proactive inhibition. Reactive Inhibition was related to a relative increase of β activity, while proactive inhibition was related to maintenance of a tonic level of β activity predictive of reactive inhibitory performances. In a second study, we showed that reactive inhibition is related to a phasic increase of firing rate in a neuronal subpopulation (n=7 neurons). In a third study, we recorded Local field potentials in the STN while patients performed a sustained attention-demanding task (combining a visual search and a delayed match-to-sample paradigm) and found a systematic suppression of 15-35 Hz activity during each repetition of the task directly related to the amount of attention allocated by the participants. Altogether, these results present electrophysiological evidences of the implication of the STN in these functions and clarify the temporal dynamics of neuronal activities supporting these processes. These results may suggest an implementation of various executive functions in the STN via common and interactive mechanisms which temporal dynamics would mediate behavioral control

Cerebellar contribution to vocal emotion decoding: Insights from stroke and neuroimaging

While the role of the cerebellum in emotion recognition has been explored with facial expressions, its involvement in the auditory modality (i.e., emotional prosody) remains to be demonstrated. The present study investigated the recognition of emotional prosody in 15 patients with chronic cerebellar ischaemic stroke and 15 matched healthy controls, using a validated task, as well as clinical, motor, neuropsychological, and psychiatric assessments. We explored the cerebellar lesion-behaviour relationship using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Results showed a significant difference between the stroke and healthy control groups, with patients giving erroneous ratings on the Surprise scale when they listened to fearful stimuli. Moreover, voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping revealed that these emotional misattributions correlated with lesions in right Lobules VIIb, VIIIa,b and IX. Interestingly, the posterior cerebellum has previously been found to be involved in affective processing, and Lobule VIIb in rhythm discrimination. These results point to the cerebellum's functional involvement in vocal emotion decodin

Crossed functional specialization between the basal ganglia and cerebellum during vocal emotion decoding: Insights from stroke and Parkinson’s disease

International audienceThere is growing evidence that both the basal ganglia and the cerebellum play functional roles in emotion processing, either directly or indirectly, through their connections with cortical and subcortical structures. However, the lateralization of this complex processing in emotion recognition remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated emotional prosody recognition in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (model of basal ganglia dysfunction) or cerebellar stroke patients, as well as in matched healthy controls (n = 24 in each group). We analysed performances according to the lateralization of the predominant brain degeneration/lesion. Results showed that a right (basal ganglia and cerebellar) hemispheric dysfunction was likely to induce greater deficits than a left one. Moreover, deficits following left hemispheric dysfunction were only observed in cerebellar stroke patients, and these deficits resembled those observed after degeneration of the right basal ganglia. Additional analyses taking disease duration / time since stroke into consideration revealed a worsening of performances in patients with predominantly right-sided lesions over time. These results point to the differential, but complementary, involvement of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in emotional prosody decoding, with a probable hemispheric specialization according to the level of cognitive integration