CHRISTIANIZATION IN NEW ORDER INDONESIA (1965-1998): DISCOURSES, DEBATES AND NEGOTIATIONS

The author offers a discourse analysis of inter-religious relationsduring the New Order (1965-1998) in Indonesia. The relationsbetween the Muslim majority and Christian minority were tense inthis period. Muslims and Christian disagreed on how to interpretthe law concerning freedom of religion and tolerance. Muslimsclaimed that Christians used foreign aid for 'Christianization' and'Westernization. Christians, on the other hand, claimed thatMuslims curtailed the freedom of religion of Christians by acts ofintolerance and violence. Meanwhile, then president Suharto triedto be seen as impartial, for he considered economic prosperitymore important than religion

A HISTORICAL NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROOTS AND CAUSES OF CONFLICT IN THE SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

This paper highlights a chronology of signicant historical events since pre-colonial times up to the present that have signicantly contributed to the conict in Southern Philippines. It also describes and analyzes the roots and causes of the conict and how these are being addressed at the moment both by the Philippine government and the different Islamic liberationist groups who are the main actors and players in the conict.This paper employs both historical and structural analysis to obtain a much broader and complete picture of the historical as well as socio-political, cultural, and economic realities reigning in the Southern Philippines. The study shows that the problem of conict in Mindanao is quite complex and complicated. Thus, it requires a much broader and careful understanding and analysis of the problem, as well as solutions that can be agreed upon by contending groups and factions toward a peaceful and negotiated approach to the Mindanao peace process

Chronology of Gall’s emergence of Dryomyia lichtensteini F.Löw, 1878 (Diptera: Cecidomyidae) and its effect on Quercus ilex’s Sanitary state in Setif (Algeria)

In the last years, an insect is detected on the foliage of Quercus ilex trees in Algeria (North-East region). Dryomyia lichtensteini F.Löw, 1878 (Diptera: Cecidomyidae), The Chronology of Gall’s emergence of Dryomyia lichtensteini and its field infestation rate were followed since 2014, in evergreen oak plantation in the Algerian North-East Region (Setif). Some statistical methods of Gall’s emergence of this pest and its effect at Quercus ilex’s Sanitary state are reviewed and discussed. For each study area (North-South-East-West), 10 trees were marked. 30 leaves of each tree were removed, so it is 300 leaves for each site, which were analyzed. This study is based on the number of galls observed. In order to highlight the degree of attack of pests. The outputs were made from November 2014 to November 2016, due to one output per month. Keywords: Quercus ilex, Cecidomyidae, gall inducers, Algeri

Intercalation of graphene on SiC(0001) via ion-implantation

Electronic devices based on graphene technology are catching on rapidly and the ability to engineer graphene properties at the nanoscale is becoming, more than ever, indispensable. Here, we present a new procedure of graphene functionalization on SiC(0001) that paves the way towards the fabrication of complex graphene electronic chips. The procedure resides on the well-known ion-implantation technique. The efficiency of the working principle is demonstrated by the intercalation of the epitaxial graphene layer on SiC(0001) with Bi atoms, which was not possible following standard procedures. Our results put forward the ion-beam lithography to nanostructure and functionalize desired graphene chips

Origin of Rashba-splitting in the quantized subbands at Bi2Se3 surface

We study the band structure of the $\text{Bi}_2\text{Se}_3$ topological insulator (111) surface using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We examine the situation where two sets of quantized subbands exhibiting different Rashba spin-splitting are created via bending of the conduction (CB) and the valence (VB) bands at the surface. While the CB subbands are strongly Rashba spin-split, the VB subbands do not exhibit clear spin-splitting. We find that CB and VB experience similar band bending magnitudes, which means, a spin-splitting discrepancy due to different surface potential gradients can be excluded. On the other hand, by comparing the experimental band structure to first principles LMTO band structure calculations, we find that the strongly spin-orbit coupled Bi 6$p$ orbitals dominate the orbital character of CB, whereas their admixture to VB is rather small. The spin-splitting discrepancy is, therefore, traced back to the difference in spin-orbit coupling between CB and VB in the respective subbands' regions