Non Destructive Detection of Decay in Living Trees

It is shown that four point resistivity measurements can be used to detect decay in living trees. A low frequency alternating current is injected into the trunk and the induced voltage is measured between two points along the trunk. With additional measurement of the cross section area, the effective resistivity of the trunk is estimated. A comparison within a group of trees shows that trees in decay have approximately a factor of two lower effective resistivity than sound trees. The method is tested on several different groups of spruce (Picea abies); in total more than 300 trees are examined. The tests show that the method can detect decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum with high accuracy. Finite element modeling and simulations are used to validate the method

Antibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein associated with renal damage and urinary tract infections in adults

Autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein associated with renal damage and urinary tract infections in adults. Forty-seven adults with urinary tract infection (UTI), 9 with recent acute pyelonephritis and 38 with previous renal infection, were investigated for the presence of autoantibodies to Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP). All patients except 6 had or had had vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). In patients with recent acute pyelonephritis, only IgA antibodies were significantly elevated. Among the patients with previous UTI, more than 6 months before the time of testing, a graded response was found for IgG and IgM specific antibodies, with the lowest value in those with renal damage and elevated serum creatinine and the highest in those with a normal X-ray. A negative correlation was found between IgG antibodies to THP and elevated serum creatinine (r = -0.76, P < 0.02). No significant correlation was found between VUR itself and antibodies to THP. A low IgG antibody level to THP in patients with a history of previous UTI seems to be a useful indicator of renal scarring. Possible immunologic mechanisms behind the low antibody level and the renal damage are discussed.Auto-anticorps anti-protéine de Tamm-Horsfall associés à des lésions rénales et à des infections urinaires chez l'adulte Quarante-sept adultes atteints d'infection urinaire, 9 ayant une pyélonéphrite aiguë récente et 38 une infection rénale antérieure ont été étudiés pour la présence d'auto-anticorps anti-protéine de Tamm-Horsfall (THP). Tous les malades sauf six avaient ou avaient eu un reflux vésico-urétéral. Chez les malades ayant un antécédent récent de pyélonéphrite seul les anti-corps IgA étaient significativement élevés. Parmi les malades dont l'antécédent d'infection urinaire remontait à plus de six mois une réponse a été obtenue pour les anti-corps spécifiques IgG et IgM, avec la valeur la plus faible chez ceux qui étaient atteints de lésions rénales et avaient une créatininémie élevée et la valeur la plus élevée chez ceux qui étaient indemnes de lésions radiologiques. Une corrélation négative a été observée entre les anti-corps IgG anti THP et l'augmentation de la créatininémie (r = -0,76, P < 0,02). Il n'a pas été observé de corrélation significative entre le reflux par lui-même et les anti-corps anti THP. Un taux faible d'anti-corps IgG anti THP chez des malades ayant des antécédents d'infection urinaire peut être un indicateur utile de lésions rénales. Les mécanismes immunologiques qui peuvent sous tendre le taux faible d'anti-corps et les lésions rénales sont discutés

Corticotroph Aggressive Pituitary Tumors and Carcinomas Frequently Harbor ATRX Mutations

Context: Aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) are characterized by unusually rapid growth and lack of response to standard treatment. About 1% to 2% develop metastases being classified as pituitary carcinomas (PCs). For unknown reasons, the corticotroph tumors are overrepresented among APTs and PCs. Mutations in the alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene, regulating chromatin remodeling and telomere maintenance, have been implicated in the development of several cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors. Objective: To study ATRX protein expression and mutational status of the ATRX gene in APTs and PCs. Design: We investigated ATRX protein expression by using immunohistochemistry in 30 APTs and 18 PCs, mostly of Pit-1 and T-Pit cell lineage. In tumors lacking ATRX immunolabeling, mutational status of the ATRX gene was explored. Results: Nine of the 48 tumors (19%) demonstrated lack of ATRX immunolabelling with a higher proportion in patients with PCs (5/18; 28%) than in those with APTs (4/30;13%). Lack of ATRX was most common in the corticotroph tumors, 7/22 (32%), versus tumors of the Pit-1 lineage, 2/24 (8%). Loss-of-function ATRX mutations were found in all 9 ATRX immunonegative cases: nonsense mutations (n = 4), frameshift deletions (n = 4), and large deletions affecting 22-28 of the 36 exons (n = 3). More than 1 ATRX gene defect was identified in 2 PCs. Conclusion: ATRX mutations occur in a subset of APTs and are more common in corticotroph tumors. The findings provide a rationale for performing ATRX immunohistochemistry to identify patients at risk of developing aggressive and potentially metastatic pituitary tumors.Peer reviewe

Allemansrätt och markägarskydd

Juridikbok.seCC-BY-NC 4.0 </p

Skadestånd vid myndighetsutövning 1

Juridikbok.seCC-BY-NC 4.0</p

Samerätt : en översikt

Godkänd; 2004; 20070419 (ysko)</p

Allemansrätten – vad säger lagen?

Allemansrättens innebörd är livligt omdebatterad. Det är knappast förvånande. Man hänvisar ofta till sedvanan, men den varierar i skilda landsändar och bland olika grupper av människor. Dessutom skiljer man inte alltid mellan vad som kan anses som gott uppförande och vad rättsreglerna påbjuder. Ett beteende som de flesta människor anser hänsynslöst medför långtifrån alltid juridiska efterräkningar. De rent juridiska bedömningarna är inte heller klara. Man får leta länge efter rättsfrågor med så stort allmänt intresse som är lika omstridda och outredda. Den här skriften tar upp frågan om vilket uppträdande som kan leda till rättsliga påföljder – alltså straff, skadestånd och ålägganden av domstol att företa eller låta bli vissa åtgärder. Den är skriven av en av de tyngsta auktoriteterna på området, professorn, f d justitierådet Bertil Bengtsson. Skriften vänder sig till alla myndigheter, företag, organisationer och enskilda personer som på olika sätt kommer i kontakt med naturturism och friluftsliv

Särskilda avtalstyper 1 : gåva, hyra av lös sak, lån, förvaring, entreprenadavtal, avtal om arbete på lös sak, sysslomansavtal...

Juridikbok.seCC-BY-NC 4.0</p

Sakrättsliga frågor i fastighetsrätten : inskrivning, besittning, äganderätt, grannelagsrätt, klander m.m.

Juridikbok.seCC-BY-NC 4.0</p