Joumine Marsh; National Park of Ichkeul, Tunisia: floristic diversity, vegetation mapping and dynamics (1925-2011)

The vegetation of Joumine Marsh (National Park of Ichkeul, Tunisia) has been studied from 2005 to 2011 with the aims: (1) to characterize the present-day status of the marsh vegetation based on plant inventories and phytosociological surveys, (2) to identify the influence of interannual hydrological changes on the plant distribution, and (3) to reconstruct, on the basis of previous works, the vegetation dynamics over the past 86 years (1925-2011). Results reveal the regression and sometimes the local extinction of the plants of temporary freshwater habitats, and their replacement by halophilous, cultivation-tolerant, footpath and grazing-tolerant species. Such changes express the artificialisation of the marsh. The mid-term dynamics of Joumine Marsh (1925-2011) is characterized by four periods: (1) before the first hydrological developments realized on the Joumine Wady in 1948, the marsh was dominated by the helophytic formation of Bolboschoenus glaucus and Schoenoplectus litoralis; (2) between 1948 and the putting into service of the Joumine Dam in 1982/83, the helophytic vegetation remained dominant; (3) between 1982-1983 and the summer 2002, because of an inappropriate management of the reservoir (without freshwater release), the salinity of the marsh has considerably increased, triggering the decline of the hydrophilous vegetation and the expansion of salt scrubs of Sarcocornia fruticosa; (4) finally, since autumn 2002, occasional releases of freshwater from the Joumine reservoir and the realization of new hydrological developments on the Joumine ditch lead to the inundation and washing of the marsh. These changes have induced the partial replacement of the salt scrubs by renewed helophytic herbaceous formations. This study reveals the significance of the ratio “hydro-hygrophilous plants/halophilous plants” as an indicator of the health of coastal wetlands. This ratio, as a simple tool for helping the management, may be used at the scale of the entire system lake-marsh of IchkeulLa végétation du marais de Joumine (Parc National de l'Ichkeul, Tunisie) a été étudiée entre 2005 et 2011 dans les buts: (1) de caractériser l'état actuel de la végétation du marais sur la base d'inventaires floristiques et de relevés phytosociologiques, (2) d'identifier l'influence des changements hydrologiques interannuels sur la répartition de la végétation, et (3) de reconstruire, sur la base de travaux antérieurs, la dynamique de la végétation sur 86 ans (1925-2011). Les résultats révèlent la réduction, voire la disparition, des espèces inféodées aux milieux temporaires d'eau douce, et leur remplacement par des espèces halophiles, adventices, rudérales et indicatrices de surpâturage. Ces changements dénotent l'artificialisation du marais. La dynamique à moyen terme de la végétation du marais de Joumine (1925-2011) est caractérisée par quatre périodes: (1) avant les premiers aménagements hydrauliques réalisés sur l'oued Joumine en 1948, le marais était dominé par la scirpaie à Bolboschoenus glaucus et Schoenoplectus litoralis ; (2) entre 1948 et la mise en service du barrage de Joumine en 1982/83, la scirpaie est restée dominante ; (3) entre 1982-83 et l'été 2002, sous l'effet d'une gestion inappropriée du barrage (sans lâcher d'eau douce), la salinité du marais a considérablement augmenté, provoquant le déclin de la végétation hydro-hygrophile et l'extension de la sansouïre à Sarcocornia fruticosa ; (4) enfin, depuis l'automne 2002, des lâchers occasionnels d'eau douce à partir du barrage de Joumine et la réalisation de nouveaux aménagements sur le canal de Joumine ont conduit à l'inondation et au lessivage du marais. Ces changements ont entraîné le déclin de la végétation halophile au profit de la régénération de la scirpaie. Cette étude met en évidence l'importance du rapport « végétation hydro-hygrophile/végétation halophile » en tant qu'indicateur de l'état de santé de marais littoraux. Ce rapport, qui apparaît comme un outil simple d'aide à la gestion, peut être exploité à l'échelle de l'ensemble du système lac-marais de l'Ichkeul

Screening of essential oils from wild-growing plants in Tunisia for their yield and toxicity to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

A laboratory experiment was conducted with the poultry red mite Dermanysuss gailinae (De Geer) to assess the toxicity of a range of essential oils obtained from wild-growing plants in Tunisia to this pest. Details of the percentage essential oil yield from these plants were also recorded. For comparison, commercially sourced essential oil from Thymus vulgaris (L) was also tested against D. gallinae after work elsewhere found this product to be acaricidal. Recently fed adult female D. gallinae were exposed to the essential Oils at 0.1 Mg oil/cm(2) in Petri-dishes at 22 degrees C over a period of 24 h. Results showed that the yield of essential oil varied considerably depending upon the source plant. Whilst maximum yields of 0.5% were achieved, three of the seven wild plants selected provided yields of less than 0.1%. Similar variability was recorded with respect to the toxicity of the essential oils to D. gallinae. Three of the essential oils tested did not cause significant D. gallinae mortality (in comparison to the control). However, all other selected oils provided mortality levels statistically similar to the 90% mortality achieved with commercial T vulgaris essential oil, with the oil from Pelargonium graveolens (L'Her.) killing 100% of D. gallinae exposed to it. Essential oil from P. graveolens in particular may be suitable for further development as a D. gallinae acaricide alongside or in place of commercial thyme essential oil

Le marais de Joumine, Parc National de l’Ichkeul, Tunisie : diversité floristique, cartographie et dynamique de la végétation (1925-2011)

Joumine Marsh ; National Park of Ichkeul, Tunisia : floristic diversity, vegetation mapping and dynamics (1925-2011). The vegetation of Joumine Marsh (National Park of Ichkeul, Tunisia) has been studied from 2005 to 2011 with the aims : (1) to characterize the present-day status of the marsh vegetation based on plant inventories and phytosociological surveys, (2) to identify the influence of interannual hydrological changes on the plant distribution, and (3) to reconstruct, on the basis of previous works, the vegetation dynamics over the past 86 years (1925-2011). Results reveal the regression and sometimes the local extinction of the plants of temporary freshwater habitats, and their replacement by halophilous, cultivation-tolerant, footpath and grazing-tolerant species. Such changes express the artificialisation of the marsh. The mid-term dynamics of Joumine Marsh (1925-2011) is characterized by four periods : (1) before the first hydrological developments realized on the Joumine Wady in 1948, the marsh was dominated by the helophytic formation of Bolboschoenus glaucus and Schoenoplectus litoralis ; (2) between 1948 and the putting into service of the Joumine Dam in 1982/ 83, the helophytic vegetation remained dominant ; (3) between 1982-1983 and the summer 2002, because of an inappropriate management of the reservoir (without freshwater release), the salinity of the marsh has considerably increased, triggering the decline of the hydrophilous vegetation and the expansion of salt scrubs of Sarcocornia fruticosa ; (4) finally, since autumn 2002, occasional releases of freshwater from the Joumine reservoir and the realization of new hydrological developments on the Joumine ditch lead to the inundation and washing of the marsh. These changes have induced the partial replacement of the salt scrubs by renewed helophytic herbaceous formations. This study reveals the significance of the ratio “hydro-hygrophilous plants/halophilous plants” as an indicator of the health of coastal wetlands. This ratio, as a simple tool for helping the management, may be used at the scale of the entire system lake-marsh of Ichkeul.La végétation du marais de Joumine (Parc National de l’Ichkeul, Tunisie) a été étudiée entre 2005 et 2011 dans les buts : (1) de caractériser l’état actuel de la végétation du marais sur la base d’inventaires floristiques et de relevés phytosociologiques, (2) d’identifier l’influence des changements hydrologiques interannuels sur la répartition de la végétation, et (3) de reconstruire, sur la base de travaux antérieurs, la dynamique de la végétation sur 86 ans (1925-2011). Les résultats révèlent la réduction, voire la disparition, des espèces inféodées aux milieux temporaires d’eau douce, et leur remplacement par des espèces halophiles, adventices, rudérales et indicatrices de surpâturage. Ces changements dénotent l’artificialisation du marais. La dynamique à moyen terme de la végétation du marais de Joumine (1925-2011) est caractérisée par quatre périodes : (1) avant les premiers aménagements hydrauliques réalisés sur l’oued Joumine en 1948, le marais était dominé par la scirpaie à Bolboschoenus glaucus et Schoenoplectus litoralis ; (2) entre 1948 et la mise en service du barrage de Joumine en 1982/ 83, la scirpaie est restée dominante ; (3) entre 1982-83 et l’été 2002, sous l’effet d’une gestion inappropriée du barrage (sans lâcher d’eau douce), la salinité du marais a considérablement augmenté, provoquant le déclin de la végétation hydro-hygrophile et l’extension de la sansouïre à Sarcocornia fruticosa ; (4) enfin, depuis l’automne 2002, des lâchers occasionnels d’eau douce à partir du barrage de Joumine et la réalisation de nouveaux aménagements sur le canal de Joumine ont conduit à l’inondation et au lessivage du marais. Ces changements ont entraîné le déclin de la végétation halophile au profit de la régénération de la scirpaie. Cette étude met en évidence l’importance du rapport «végétation hydro-hygrophile/ végétation halophile » en tant qu’indicateur de l’état de santé de marais littoraux. Ce rapport, qui apparaît comme un outil simple d’aide à la gestion, peut être exploité à l’échelle de l’ensemble du système lac-marais de l’Ichkeul.Ouali Mounira, Daoud-Bouattour Amina, Etteieb Selma, Gammar Amor Mokhtar, Ben Saad-Limam Samia, Ghrabi Gammar Zeineb. Le marais de Joumine, Parc National de l’Ichkeul, Tunisie : diversité floristique, cartographie et dynamique de la végétation (1925-2011). In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 69, n°1, 2014. pp. 3-23

Effects of hydrology on recruitment of Pilularia minuta Durieu (Marsileaceae), an endangered plant of Mediterranean temporary pools

International audienceHydrological requirements for germination and development of P. minuta were assessed through a 5-year field survey in Garâa Sejenane, Tunisia, and an experiment under controlled conditions. The spatial distribution of P. minuta was recorded in the field annually, while the experiment tested the effects of water levels and flooding dates on germination (the emergence of new individuals) and development. Water level was found to be the major factor affecting the germination and the development of P. minuta with flooding date as a secondary limiting factor. For germination to occur, the sediment must be completely waterlogged. Water depths of 5–10 cm are optimal for plant development. In addition, the plant needs a minimal flooding period of seven weeks to develop. Late-spring precipitation appears to be more critical than earlier rains

Spatio-temporal variability of faunal and floral assemblages in Mediterranean temporary wetlands.

International audienceSix temporary wetlands in the region of Sejenane (Mogods, NW Tunisia) were studied in order to characterize the aquatic flora and fauna and to quantify their spatio-temporal variability. Samplings of aquatic fauna, phytosociological relevés, and measurements of the physicochemical parameters of water were taken during four different field visits carried out during the four seasons of the year (November 2009-July 2010). Despite the strong anthropic pressures on them, these temporary wetlands are home to rich and diversified biodiversity, including rare and endangered species. Spatial and temporal variations affect fauna and flora differently, as temporal variability influences the fauna rather more than the plants, which are relatively more dependent on spatial factors. These results demonstrate the interest of small water bodies for maintaining biodiversity at the regional level, and thus underscore the conservation issues of Mediterranean temporary wetlands that are declining on an ongoing basis currently

Data from: High genetic diversity and distinctiveness of rear-edge climate relicts maintained by ancient tetraploidisation for Alnus glutinosa

Populations located at the rear-edge of a species’ distribution may have disproportionate ecological and evolutionary importance for biodiversity conservation in a changing global environment. Yet genetic studies of such populations remain rare. This study investigates the evolutionary history of North-African low latitude marginal populations of Alnus glutinosa Gaertn., a European tree species that plays a significant ecological role as a keystone of riparian ecosystems. We genotyped 551 adults from 19 populations located across North Africa at 12 microsatellite loci and applied a coalescent-based simulation approach to reconstruct the demographic and evolutionary history of these populations. Surprisingly, Moroccan trees were tetraploids demonstrating a strong distinctiveness of these populations within a species otherwise known as diploid. Best-fitting models of demographic reconstruction revealed the relict nature of Moroccan populations that were found to have withstood past climate change events and to be much older than Algerian and Tunisian populations. This study highlights the complex demographic history that can be encountered in rear-edge distribution margins that here consist of both old stable climate relict and more recent populations, distinctively diverse genetically both quantitatively and qualitatively. We emphasize the high evolutionary and conservation value of marginal rear-edge populations of a keystone riparian species in the context of on-going climate change in the Mediterranean region

High genetic diversity and distinctiveness of rear-edge climate relicts maintained by ancient tetraploidisation for Alnus glutinosa.

Populations located at the rear-edge of a species' distribution may have disproportionate ecological and evolutionary importance for biodiversity conservation in a changing global environment. Yet genetic studies of such populations remain rare. This study investigates the evolutionary history of North-African low latitude marginal populations of Alnus glutinosa Gaertn., a European tree species that plays a significant ecological role as a keystone of riparian ecosystems. We genotyped 551 adults from 19 populations located across North Africa at 12 microsatellite loci and applied a coalescent-based simulation approach to reconstruct the demographic and evolutionary history of these populations. Surprisingly, Moroccan trees were tetraploids demonstrating a strong distinctiveness of these populations within a species otherwise known as diploid. Best-fitting models of demographic reconstruction revealed the relict nature of Moroccan populations that were found to have withstood past climate change events and to be much older than Algerian and Tunisian populations. This study highlights the complex demographic history that can be encountered in rear-edge distribution margins that here consist of both old stable climate relict and more recent populations, distinctively diverse genetically both quantitatively and qualitatively. We emphasize the high evolutionary and conservation value of marginal rear-edge populations of a keystone riparian species in the context of on-going climate change in the Mediterranean region

Lepais et al Plos ONE North African alder microsatellite data

Microsatellite genotype file including individuals mane (ID), country and population of origin, and allele names at 11 microsatellites

Characteristics of prior and posterior distributions of demographic parameters of population history of <i>A. glutinosa</i> estimated under the most-likely of seven tested scenarios by means of Approximate Bayesian Computation in diyabc[51].

#<p>Details of demographic scenarios tested and estimated parameters are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075029#pone-0075029-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075029#pone-0075029-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>. N1, N2, N3a and N3b, Ne, Ns refer to effective population sizes in number of diploid genomes respectively of standing populations from Morocco (BOU), Tunisia (TIT) and Scotland (PGM) and from ancestral populations from which they have diverged as modelled in the most-likely of the seven tested scenarios (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075029#pone-0075029-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>). t1, t2, t3a and t3b: divergence time of the standing populations from the ancestral populations in generations (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075029#pone-0075029-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>). Q_0.05 and Q_0.95∶5% and 95% quantiles.</p