Las etnicidades judías en Israel

La fundación del Estado de Israel se acompañó de un proyecto social, cultural y político destinado a asegurar la creación de una nación homogénea. La clase media proveniente de Europa oriental y su visión laica de la cultura judía en Israel ha tenido unaThe founding of the state of Israel was accompanied by a social, cultural and political project, which aim was to secure the establishment of a homogenous nation. The middle class, which originated from Eastern Europe, and its secular vision of the stat

La francophonie dans une société non-francophone d’immigrants : Israël

Mettiamo qui in evidenza quattro modelli diversi di francofonia israeliana. Il primo è il francese etnoculturale, apparso nel corso degli anni ’50 e ’60, con l’arrivo di un gran numero di immigrati dall’Africa del nord, che hanno diffuso un rudimentale francese vernacolare, oltre al giudeo-arabo magrebino. Il loro passaggio all’ebraico non comportò l’abbandono immediato di queste lingue e così nella seconda generazione molti hanno ereditato dai genitori una certa conoscenza di questi codici. Il secondo modello, quello del franbreu, è illustrato da immigrati aventi la stessa origine che sono riusciti ad accedere alla classe media. Pur imparando l’ebraico ed inserendosi nel tessuto sociale, questi immigrati hanno mantenuto il francese come simbolo di distinzione sociale. Tuttavia il loro francese si è progressivamente trasformato a contatto con l’ebraico. Il terzo modello è quello del capitale linguistico. In effetti il francese è una lingua apprezzata anche da numerosi non francofoni. Questi discenti elaborano regole sistematiche per apprendere il francese sulla base dell’ebraico, esemplificando così la nozione di interlingua. Il quarto modello è il francese transnazionale, modello portato dall’ondata migratoria francofona cominciata verso la fine degli anni ’80 : è l’elemento caratteristico di una diaspora transnazionale che si inserisce nella società e ne acquisisce la lingua, pur riunendosi in gruppi e mantenendo contatti con la comunità d’origine. Buona parte di questa popolazione riflette la volontà di continuare a formare un pubblico francofono, caratteristico del ritratto -già composito- della società israeliana.There are four distinct models of Francophony in Israël. The first is ethnocultural French, which appeared in the country during the 1950s-60s with the arrival of a large number of immigrants from North Africa of whom many spoke a basic, vernacular French along with their native Judaeo-Arabic. Passing over to Hebrew did not imply immediately abandoning those languages and many of their children inherited some parts of them. Other immigrants of the same origin – or from other countries where French was spoken – came with the cultural and material resources that fit into the middle class, and illustrate the second model, known as Franbrew. While they learned Hebrew and integrated the society, these immigrants kept French as a symbol of social distinction used with their spouses and friends, as well as in cultural pursuits. But their French gradually changed in contact with Hebrew. The third model refers to a linguistic capital. In this case, French is equally appreciated by many non-French-speakers. Linguistic skills are developed independently from origins and do not designate a distinct social entity. Taking off from Hebrew, these learners develop systematic rules for understanding French, creating an interlanguage. The fourth model is transnational French. It was brought in by the wave of French-speaking immigrants that arrived towards the end of the 1980s ; typical of a transnational diaspora that integrates society and learns the local language while sticking together and keeping in touch with the homeland. A large part of this population reflects the desire to be and remain a Francophone public typical of the already composite portrait of Israeli society

Subexponential Size Hitting Sets for Bounded Depth Multilinear Formulas

In this paper we give subexponential size hitting sets for bounded depth multilinear arithmetic formulas. Using the known relation between black-box PIT and lower bounds we obtain lower bounds for these models. For depth-3 multilinear formulas, of size exp(n^delta), we give a hitting set of size exp(~O(n^(2/3 + 2*delta/3))). This implies a lower bound of exp(~Omega(n^(1/2))) for depth-3 multilinear formulas, for some explicit polynomial. For depth-4 multilinear formulas, of size exp(n^delta), we give a hitting set of size exp(~O(n^(2/3 + 4*delta/3)). This implies a lower bound of exp(~Omega(n^(1/4))) for depth-4 multilinear formulas, for some explicit polynomial. A regular formula consists of alternating layers of +,* gates, where all gates at layer i have the same fan-in. We give a hitting set of size (roughly) exp(n^(1-delta)), for regular depth-d multilinear formulas of size exp(n^delta), where delta = O(1/sqrt(5)^d)). This result implies a lower bound of roughly exp(~Omega(n^(1/sqrt(5)^d))) for such formulas. We note that better lower bounds are known for these models, but also that none of these bounds was achieved via construction of a hitting set. Moreover, no lower bound that implies such PIT results, even in the white-box model, is currently known. Our results are combinatorial in nature and rely on reducing the underlying formula, first to a depth-4 formula, and then to a read-once algebraic branching program (from depth-3 formulas we go straight to read-once algebraic branching programs)

CYCLOSA: Decentralizing Private Web Search Through SGX-Based Browser Extensions

By regularly querying Web search engines, users (unconsciously) disclose large amounts of their personal data as part of their search queries, among which some might reveal sensitive information (e.g. health issues, sexual, political or religious preferences). Several solutions exist to allow users querying search engines while improving privacy protection. However, these solutions suffer from a number of limitations: some are subject to user re-identification attacks, while others lack scalability or are unable to provide accurate results. This paper presents CYCLOSA, a secure, scalable and accurate private Web search solution. CYCLOSA improves security by relying on trusted execution environments (TEEs) as provided by Intel SGX. Further, CYCLOSA proposes a novel adaptive privacy protection solution that reduces the risk of user re- identification. CYCLOSA sends fake queries to the search engine and dynamically adapts their count according to the sensitivity of the user query. In addition, CYCLOSA meets scalability as it is fully decentralized, spreading the load for distributing fake queries among other nodes. Finally, CYCLOSA achieves accuracy of Web search as it handles the real query and the fake queries separately, in contrast to other existing solutions that mix fake and real query results

Dense multipath component polarization and wall attenuation at 1.35 GHz in an office environment

This paper presents an analysis of dense multipath components in office meeting rooms. Radio channel sounding measurements at 1.35 GHz were performed with transmitter and receiver in the same room (intra-room) and in adjacent rooms (inter-room). Specular and dense multipath components were estimated with the RiMAX maximum-likelihood algorithm. The dense multipath reverberation characteristics were found to be not significantly different between polarization subchannels for both the intra-room and the inter-room channels, supporting the validity of a scalar dense multipath model. The specular and dense multipath wall attenuation losses were found to be 12.0 and 5.4 dB, respectively

On Soft Limits of Large-Scale Structure Correlation Functions

We study soft limits of correlation functions for the density and velocity fields in the theory of structure formation. First, we re-derive the (resummed) consistency conditions at unequal times using the eikonal approximation. These are solely based on symmetry arguments and are therefore universal. Then, we explore the existence of equal-time relations in the soft limit which, on the other hand, depend on the interplay between soft and hard modes. We scrutinize two approaches in the literature: The time-flow formalism, and a background method where the soft mode is absorbed into a locally curved cosmology. The latter has been recently used to set up (angular averaged) `equal-time consistency relations'. We explicitly demonstrate that the time-flow relations and `equal-time consistency conditions' are only fulfilled at the linear level, and fail at next-to-leading order for an Einstein de-Sitter universe. While applied to the velocities both proposals break down beyond leading order, we find that the `equal-time consistency conditions' quantitatively approximates the perturbative results for the density contrast. Thus, we generalize the background method to properly incorporate the effect of curvature in the density and velocity fluctuations on short scales, and discuss the reasons behind this discrepancy. We conclude with a few comments on practical implementations and future directions.Comment: 22 pages, extended discussion, v3: matches published versio

Reverse remodeling and the mechanism of mitral regurgitation improvement in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

Background: Functional mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common finding in dilated cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling with LV size reduction and improvement in LV function is a well recognized phenomenon. We aimed to evaluate the impact of LV remodeling on the mechanism leading to functional MR. Methods: Among 188 patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, 10 patients significantly improved their LV function, reduced LV size and MR severity during follow-up (RRMR). A comparison was made between their baseline and follow-up echocardiographic examinations and to a matched-control group of patients who did not improve (no RRMR). LV and left atrium (LA) dimensions and volumes, LV mass (LVM), LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (Simpsons), sphericity index (SI), mitral valve tenting area (TA) coaptation distance (CD), effective regurgitant orifice (ERO), and regurgitant volume were calculated. Multivariable analysis was performed in order to evaluate which echocardiographic parameters related to MR improvement in reverse remodeling. Results: LV and LA dimensions and volumes, LVM, SI, TA, CD, ERO and right ventricle, in the RRMR group significantly decreased at follow-up (p < 0.04 for all). When compared to no RRMR, despite a similar ERO (0.2 ± 0.05 vs. 0.2 ± 0.08, p = 0.13) and a larger regurgitant volume (38 ± 9 vs. 29 ± 8 mL, p = 0.05) and despite similar clinical characteristics and medical treatment we found significantly higher LVEF, smaller LV dimensions and volumes, smaller LVM and SI in the RRMR group (p < 0.05 for all). On multivariable analysis the SI was the sole predictor of RRMR (p = 0.04, OR = 0.76, CI 0.58–0.99). Conclusions: Reverse remodeling characterized by improvement in LV function, reduction in LV size and an associated reduction in MR severity is related to LV SI at baseline.