Parametrical network models of distribution of limited resources in difficult systems

In article effective methods of the temporary analysis and calculation of the generalized network models are offered. On their basis the class of parametrical network models is under construction and applications of such models to problems of distribution of limited resources of difficult systems in the conditions of an intensification of works are considered. A number of terms of scheduling is specified. Conditions of consistency and criteria of resource resolvability of some classes of tasks on such models are investigated

Origin of volatiles emitted by Plinian mafic eruptions of the Chikurachki volcano, Kurile arc, Russia : trace element, boron and sulphur isotope constraints

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 478 (2018): 131-147, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.009.Chikurachki is a 1816-m high stratovolcano on Paramushir Island, Kurile arc, Russia, which has repeatedly produced highly explosive eruptions of mafic composition. The present work is aimed at constraining the origin of volatile components (CO2, H2O, F, S, and Cl), along with B and S isotopic compositions in a series of phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions and groundmass glasses from basaltic andesite pyroclasts of the 1853, 1986, and prehistoric Plinian eruptions of the volcano. The ranges of volatile concentrations in melt inclusions (47–1580 μg/g CO2, 0.4–4.2 wt% H2O, 399–633 μg/g F, 619–3402 μg/g S and 805–1240 μg/g Cl) imply a sudden pressure release from ~ 460 through ~ 35 MPa that corresponds to ~ 1.2–16-km-depth range of magma ascent upon decompression. We conclude that rapid ascent of the volatile-rich basaltic magmas from ~ 16-km initial depth accompanied by near-surface bubble nucleation and growth, and subsequent magma fragmentation appear to be a primary reason for the Plinian character of the Chikurachki eruptions. Significant negative correlations of S with K, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr (R = − 0.8 to − 0.9), no clear relationships of S with H2O, CO2 and Cl, but strong positive correlations of S/K2O with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/K2O preclude magma degassing to be the only process affecting volatile concentrations dissolved in the melt. The δ34S values of the studied inclusion and groundmass glasses range from − 1.6 to + 12.3‰, decrease with decreasing S, show significant positive correlations with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/Zr, and negative correlations with a number of incompatible trace elements. Neither open- nor close-system magma degassing can account for the observed range of δ34S. The δ11B values of the melt inclusions range from − 7.0 to + 2.4‰ with 13–23 μg/g B. The relationships of δ11B with B/K2O and B/Nb are inconsistent with magma contamination at shallow crustal depths. Linear character of 1/S vs. δ34S relationship suggests two-component mixing. The possible mixing end-members could be the magmas having similar major and trace element compositions, but strongly contrasting volatile contents and S isotopes. Based on the behaviour of fluid-mobile vs. fluid-immobile incompatible trace elements, we conclude that the subduction component likely represents a mixture of subduction sediment-derived melt with up to 60% of slab-derived fluid. Admixture of ~ 1–8% of the inferred subduction component to the depleted mantle wedge source is required to account for the compositional range of the Chikurachki melt inclusions, and ~ 0.4–10% to constrain the composition of Kurile arc mafic magmas.This work was benefited from the NENIMF financial support of AAG during his training as a SIMS research specialist, the NSF grant EAR 0911093 to AAG, and partially from the Russian Science Foundation grant #16-17-10145 to VSK and MEZ

Copper-Containing Magnesioferrite in Vesicular Trachyandesite in a Lava Tube from the 2012-2013 Eruption of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia

Cu-rich magnesioferrite was found in vesicular basaltic trachyandesite in one of lava tubes (Duplex) that formed during the 2012-2013 eruption of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka. This mineral is commonly associated with hematite, tenorite, halite, sylvite, and Ca-rich silicates (mainly, esseneite and Na-rich melilite) in high-temperature (800-1000 degrees C) reactionary zones (up to 100 mu m) covering vesicular rocks and lava stalactites in the Duplex tube. The mineral relationships of this assemblage indicate the following crystallization sequence: Ca-rich silicates + hematite -> Cu-rich magnesioferrite -> tenorite -> chlorides. This formed due to the reaction of hot gases containing Cu, alkalis, and Cl with solidified lava rock. The composition of magnesioferrite varies strongly in CuO (5.8-17.3 wt %; cuprospinel end-member-15-47 mol %), whereas the contents of other oxides are minor, indicating the main isomorphic substitution is Mg2+ Cu2+. Compositions with maximal CuO content nominally belong to Mg-rich cuprospinel: (Cu0.48Mg0.41Mn0.09Zn0.02Ca0.02) (Fe1.943+Al0.03Ti0.02)O-4. Increasing CuO content of the Duplex Cu-rich magnesioferrite is reflected in Raman spectra by moderate right shifting bands at approximate to 700-710 and 200-210 cm(-1) and the appearance of an additional band at 596 cm(-1). This supports the main isomorphic scheme and may indicate a degree of inversion in the spinel structure.Peer reviewe

Behavior of Platinum-Group Elements during Hydrous Metamorphism: Constraints from Awaruite (Ni3Fe) Mineralization

Natural Fe-Ni alloys are common in meteorites and, presumably, the Earth’s core, where they host significant platinum-group elements (PGE). However, little is known on PGE concentrations in hydrothermal or metamorphic Fe-Ni alloys (i.e., awaruite Ni3Fe) from terrestrial rocks. In this work, we examine the geochemistry of awaruite and related minerals from several placer deposits sourced from the suprasubduction ophiolitic (Kamchatsky Mys, Karaginsky Island, and Mamet) and Ural-Alaskan (Galmoenan) complexes of Kamchatka and the Koryak Highlands (Far East Russia) in order to assess the abundance of PGE in awaruite and constrain their mobility under metamorphic and hydrothermal conditions. Studied awaruite from ophiolitic and Ural-Alaskan type complexes formed via desulfurization of pentlandite during serpentinization. Three groups of platinum-group minerals (PGMs) are associated with awaruite from Kamchatsky Mys: (1) Pt-Fe alloys such as ferronickelplatinum (Pt2FeNi) or unnamed Ni2FePt alloys; (2) Os-Ir-Ru alloys of various composition; (3) Pd-Sb minerals which form together with serpentine during hydrothermal alteration. Despite the abundance of PGM inclusions, no significant PGE concentrations were measured in awaruite from the Kamchatsky Mys, Karaginsky Island, or Mamet ophiolites. In contrast, pentlandite relicts in awaruite from placers related to the Galmoenan Ural-Alaskan type complex contain exceptionally high, previously unreported, Os (up to 540 ppm). Awaruite that forms on behalf of this pentlandite does not show any significant Os enrichment. Rare Galmoenan awaruite analyses yield up to 3 ppm Pd. The new data are not in complete accordance with previous studies that reported relatively high (up to first 10 ppm) PGE content in awaruite. We attribute this to low PGE concentration in precursor sulfides and preferential partitioning of PGE into discrete secondary PGM within awaruite. Nevertheless, abundant inclusions of secondary PGM in awaruite provide evidence of PGE mobility during metamorphic and hydrothermal alteration of ultramafic rocks

Hydrogen Peroxide Probes Directed to Different Cellular Compartments

Background: Controlled generation and removal of hydrogen peroxide play important roles in cellular redox homeostasis and signaling. We used a hydrogen peroxide biosensor HyPer, targeted to different compartments, to examine these processes in mammalian cells. Principal Findings: Reversible responses were observed to various redox perturbations and signaling events. HyPer expressed in HEK 293 cells was found to sense low micromolar levels of hydrogen peroxide. When targeted to various cellular compartments, HyPer occurred in the reduced state in the nucleus, cytosol, peroxisomes, mitochondrial intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix, but low levels of the oxidized form of the biosensor were also observed in each of these compartments, consistent with a low peroxide tone in mammalian cells. In contrast, HyPer was mostly oxidized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Using this system, we characterized control of hydrogen peroxide in various cell systems, such as cells deficient in thioredoxin reductase, sulfhydryl oxidases or subjected to selenium deficiency. Generation of hydrogen peroxide could also be monitored in various compartments following signaling events. Conclusions: We found that HyPer can be used as a valuable tool to monitor hydrogen peroxide generated in different cellular compartments. The data also show that hydrogen peroxide generated in one compartment could translocate to other compartments. Our data provide information on compartmentalization, dynamics and homeostatic control of hydrogen peroxide in mammalian cells

Фенольные соединения этанольных извлечений Lemna minor L., Lemna trisulca L. и Lemna polyrrhiza L. Schleid. и их иммуномодулирующая активность

The purpose of the study is to determine the composition of the phenolic compounds of ethanol extracts isolated from three species of duckweed: Lemna minor L., Lemna trisulca L. and Lemna polyrrhiza L. (the synonym is Spirodella polyrrhiza Schleid.) and to study its effect on immune system activation.Materials and methods. The objects of the study are: air-dried grass samples of Lemna minor L., Lemna trisuica L. and Lemna polyrrhiza L. collected during their growing season in 2010–2011 in low-flow and stagnant ponds of Kozhevnikovsky and Tomsk districts of Tomsk region. Isolation of polyphenolic complexes (PFC) was carried out by extraction of air-dried raw material with ethyl alcohol. In qualitative and quantitative analysis of the samples studied the method of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on an Agilent 1100 Series instrument (USA) was used in isocratic mode. In the experiments, 200 male C57BL / 6 and BALB / C mice aged 8–12 weeks were used to determine immunomodulatory activity. Cell proliferation was assessed by a colorimetric method. The absorption of the obtained solutions was measured with a multi-channel spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 540 nm. The determination of antibody-forming cells in the spleen was performed by local hemolysis. The titer of antibodies in serum was evaluated in the hemagglutination reaction. The local hypersensitivity reaction of immediate type was assessed by the author’s modification.Results. For the first time the study of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of PFC of Lemna minor L. (LM) , Lemna trisulca L. (LT) trisulkas, and Lemna polyrrhiza L. (LP) : (4,7 ± 0,4)%, (3,3 ± 0,3)%, (12,8 ± 0,7)% was carried out. The highest content of phenolic acids (10,76%) and the sum of flavonoids, isoflavonoids and coumarins (14,7%) were found in the LP sample. The content of chlorogenic and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids was 2–9 times higher in LP than in other species of duckweed. In LM and LT with concentrations of 5 μg/ml and LP in the range of 0,5–160 μg/ml did not have a toxic effect on antigen presenting cells. When incubated with LT (20 μg/ml), the proliferation of macrophages was reduced by 1,2 times, and when incubated with LM and LT (80 μg/ml), by 1,2 and 1,8 times, respectively. PFC duckweed (LP) did not have a similar effect. LM and LP had a stimulating effect on the production of nitrites in the concentrations of 5 and 20 μg/ml, increasing it by 1,3–1,6 times. Course introduction of LT and LP led to a significant decrease in the number of antibody-forming cells by 1,5 and 2,3 times and a decrease in the local hypersensitivity reaction by 1,9 and 1,5 times, respectively.Цель исследования. Определение состава фенольных соединений этанольных извлечений, выделенных из трех видов ряски: ряски малой (Lemna minor L.), ряски тройчатой (Lemna trisulca L.) и ряски многокорневой (Lemna polyrrhiza L., синоним Spirodella polyrrhiza L.) Schleid.), и изучение его влияния на активацию системы иммунитета.Материал и методы. Объект исследования: воздушно-сухие образцы травы ряски малой (Lemna minor L.), ряски тройчатой (Lemna trisuica L.) и ряски многокорневой (Lemna polyrrhiza L.), собранные в период их вегетации в 2010–2011 гг. в малопроточных и стоячих водоемах Кожевниковского и Томского районов Томской области. Выделение полифенольных комплексов (ПФК) проводили экстракцией воздушно-сухого сырья спиртом этиловым. При качественном и количественном анализе исследуемых образцов применяли метод обращенно-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии на приборе Agilent 1100 Series (США) в изократическом режиме. В экспериментах для определения иммуномодулирующей активности использовали 200 самцов мышей линий С57ВL/6 и BALB/C в возрасте 8–12 нед. Пролиферацию клеток оценивали колориметрическим методом. Абсорбцию полученных растворов замеряли при помощи многоканального спектрофотометра при длине волны 540 нм. Определение антителообразующих клеток в селезенке проводили методом локального гемолиза. Титр антител в сыворотке крови оценивали в реакции гемагглютинации. Локальную реакцию гиперчувствительности немедленного типа оценивали по методике в авторской модификации.Результаты. Впервые проведено исследование качественного состава и количественного содержания ПФК ряски малой Lemna minor L. (LM), ряски трисульки Lemna trisulca L. (LT) и ряски многокорневой Lemna polyrrhiza L.(LP): (4,7 ± 0,4)%, (3,3 ± 0,3)%, (12,8 ± 0,7)% соответственно. Наибольшее содержание фенолокислот (10,76%) и суммы флавоноидов, изофлавоноидов и кумаринов (14,7%) обнаружено в образце LP. Содержание хлорогеновой и 3,5-дигидроксибензойной кислот в 2–9 раз больше в LP, чем других видах ряски. LM, LT в концентрации 5 мкг/мл и LP в диапазоне 0,5–160 мкг/мл не оказывают токсического действия на антигенпрезентирующие клетки. При инкубации с LT (20 мкг/мл) пролиферация макрофагов снижается в 1,2 раза, а при инкубации с LM и LT (80 мкг/мл) в 1,2 и 1,8 раза соответственно. ПФК ряски многокорневой (LP) не оказывают подобного эффекта. LM и LP оказывают стимулирующее действие на продукцию нитритов в концентрациях 5 и 20 мкг/мл, усиливая ее в 1,3–1,6 раза. Курсовое введение LT и LP приводит к достоверному снижению числа антителобразующих клеток в 1,5 и 2,3 раза и уменьшению величины локальной реакции гиперчувствительности в 1,9 и 1,5 раза соответственно

Monitoring methionine sulfoxide with stereospecific mechanism-based fluorescent sensors

Methionine can be reversibly oxidized to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, but its use as a redox marker suffers from the lack of tools to detect and quantify MetO within cells. In this work, we created a pair of complementary stereospecific genetically-encoded mechanism-based ratiometric fluorescent sensors of MetO by inserting a circularly yellow fluorescent protein between yeast methionine sulfoxide reductases and thioredoxins. The two sensors, named MetSOx and MetROx for their ability to detect S and R-forms of MetO, respectively, were utilized for targeted analysis of protein oxidation, regulation and repair, as well as for monitoring MetO in bacterial and mammalian cells, analyzing compartment-specific changes in MetO, and examining responses to physiological stimuli

Models of resource planning during formation of calendar construction plans for erection of high-rise buildings

This article provides a methodical description of resource-time analysis for a wide range of requirements imposed for resource consumption processes in scheduling tasks during the construction of high-rise buildings and facilities. The core of the proposed approach and is the resource models being determined. The generalized network models are the elements of those models, the amount of which can be too large to carry out the analysis of each element. Therefore, the problem is to approximate the original resource model by simpler time models, when their amount is not very large

Parametrical network models of distribution of limited resources in difficult systems

In article effective methods of the temporary analysis and calculation of the generalized network models are offered. On their basis the class of parametrical network models is under construction and applications of such models to problems of distribution of limited resources of difficult systems in the conditions of an intensification of works are considered. A number of terms of scheduling is specified. Conditions of consistency and criteria of resource resolvability of some classes of tasks on such models are investigated

Models of resource planning during formation of calendar construction plans for erection of high-rise buildings

This article provides a methodical description of resource-time analysis for a wide range of requirements imposed for resource consumption processes in scheduling tasks during the construction of high-rise buildings and facilities. The core of the proposed approach and is the resource models being determined. The generalized network models are the elements of those models, the amount of which can be too large to carry out the analysis of each element. Therefore, the problem is to approximate the original resource model by simpler time models, when their amount is not very large