L'empatia nel percorso formativo universitario. Analisi preliminare su un campione di studenti di psicologia

L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro di tesi è quello di sottolineare e anche promuovere l’importanza che gioca l’empatia nelle relazioni umane, nella comunicazione, nel rapporto medico-paziente sui risultati psicosociali. La tesi è composta da una prima parte, di natura descrittiva, in cui si inquadra l’empatia prendendo in considerazione il suo rapporto esistente con la dimensione del dolore, il comportamento prosociale e antisociale a causa della presenza di specifici deficit dello sviluppo, le differenze di genere esistenti, i contributi delle neuroscienze sociali, come la scoperta dei neuroni specchio, per poi sottolineare come sia importante promuovere l’empatia sia nella formazione degli operatori sanitari sia negli studenti. La seconda parte, invece, di natura sperimentale, descrive lo studio effettuato agli studenti del corso di psicologia attraverso il questionario dell’Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) di Davis per verificare l’esistenza di una differenza di empatia tra i diversi corsi di laurea

Synthesis of fused indoline-cyclobutanone derivatives via an intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition

We thank the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Critical Resource Catalysis (CRITICAT, grant code EP/L016419/1, R.M.N.) for funding. We thank the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) ERC grant agreement no. 279850 (A.D.S.). A.D.S. thanks the Royal Society for a Wolfson Research Merit Award. We also thank the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Service at Swansea. The research data supporting this publication can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.17630/00aff760-0732-438f-a9d1-30c7cf3a87a0A serendipitously-discovered process for the synthesis of heterocyclic products containing a novel fused indoline-cyclobutanone ring system is reported. This process is believed to take place through in situ generation of a ketene intermediate, followed by intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition with a pendant enamide. The formation of a ketene intermediate in this process is significant as the reaction conditions employed are analogous to those commonly used in tertiary amine Lewis base catalysis, where the potential intermediacy of ketenes is an important consideration that is often overlooked.PostprintPeer reviewe

Exploiting the Imidazolium Effect in Base-free Ammonium Enolate Generation:Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies

The authors thank the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) ERC Grant Agreement no. 279850 (CMY, THW, JET). ADS thanks the Royal Society for a Wolfson Merit Award.N-Acyl imidazoles and catalytic isothiourea hydrochloride salts function as ammonium enolate precursors in the absence of base. Enantioselective Michael addition-cyclization reactions using different α,β-unsaturated Michael acceptors have been performed to form dihydropyranones and dihydropyridinones with high stereoselectivity. Detailed mechanistic studies using RPKA have revealed the importance of the “imidazolium” effect in ammonium enolate formation and have highlighted key differences with traditional base-mediated processes.PostprintPeer reviewe

Stereodivergent organocatalytic intramolecular michael addition/ lactonization for the asymmetric synthesis of substituted dihydrobenzofurans and tetrahydrofurans

The authors thank the Royal Society for a University Research Fellowship (A.D.S.), the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013), ERC Grant Agreement No. 279850 (A.D.L.H. and J.E.T.), and the EPSRC (DTA studentship to D.B.) for funding.A stereodivergent asymmetric Lewis base catalyzed Michael addition/lactonization of enone acids into substituted dihydrobenzofuran and tetrahydrofuran derivatives is reported. Commercially available (S)-(-)-tetramisole hydrochloride gives products with high syn diastereoselectivity in excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99:1 d.r. , 99% ee), whereas using a cinchona alkaloid derived catalyst gives the corresponding anti-diastereoisomers as the major product (up to 10:90 d.r., 99% ee). You can have it both ways! A stereodivergent asymmetric Lewis base catalyzed Michael addition/lactonization of enone acids into substituted dihydrobenzofuran and tetrahydrofuran derivatives is reported, giving products with high d.r. and ee (see scheme).Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Applications of isothioureas in organocatalysis : kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols and intramolecular Michael addition-lactonisation

Obtaining enantiomerically pure compounds is of major importance in modern organic chemistry, and this PhD thesis outlines new advances made in this area. Two new enantioselective synthetic methodologies have been designed using isothiourea based- organocatalysts. A brief introduction to the recent literature involving this catalyst architecture is presented. Then, the results of the structure-activity relationship study carried out on a range of isothiourea catalysts for the kinetic resolution of (±)-1-naphthylethanol 16 is described. Chiral isothiourea HBTM 2.1 58 was identified as the optimum catalyst and was further employed in the resolution of a range of secondary alcohols. Good levels of conversion (c~50%) and selectivity (S up to 100) were achieved delivering alcohols in high levels of enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). The synthetic utility of this process was subsequently demonstrated through isolation of a range of enantiopure alcohols (>99% ee) on a preparative scale, using low catalyst loading of HBTM 2.1 (0.10 mol%). Secondly, a new organocatalytic asymmetric transformation involving the generation of a C1-ammonium enolate using isothiourea is described. An intramolecular Michael addition-lactonisation (IMAL) of enone-acid substrates was developed using (‒)-tetramisole 37 as a catalyst. The generality of this protocol was probed via structural variation of the enone-acid substrates, providing a range of highly functionalised syn-polycyclic carbo- and heterocycles in excellent yields, diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield, 99 : 1 dr and 99% ee). Whilst investigating this process, we discovered that using cinchona alkaloid derivatives as catalysts gave preferential access to the diastereomeric anti-products. Therefore, a range of anti-dihydrobenzofurans was synthesised from readily available starting materials in good yield and stereoselectivities (up to 73%, 20 : 80 dr and 99% ee) using OTMS-quinidine catalyst. These two complementary synthetic strategies allowed facile and controllable access to both syn- and anti-diasteroisomers of a product in high enantioselectivity via judicious choice of catalyst. Subsequently, two telescoped procedures combining the synthesis of the enone-acid through olefination and asymmetric functionalisation were designed, giving rapid access to stereodefined pyrrolidines in high levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivitiy (up to 99 : 1 dr and 99% ee). The last part of this thesis describes preliminary studies toward the development of a doubly diastereoselective intramolecular Michael addition-lactonisation process, opening new avenues for the construction of complex molecular architectures