Furio De Giorgi, La rivoluzione transpolitica. Il '68 e il post-'68 in Italia

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On-field Raman spectroscopy of Patagonian prehistoric rock art: Pigments, alteration products and substrata

An extensive in situ Raman spectroscopic campaign was performed on archaeological sites in three different provinces in Patagonia, Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut). 16 open air shelters located in different environments (forests, ecotones, steppes) were investigated and interpreted in terms of pigments used and the identification of substrata. Special attention was given to the alteration products and accretions that were found on the rock art paintings of the shelters and on the surface of the rock walls, as they can affect and damage this magnificent works of art. Haematite (α-Fe2O3) was the main chromophore that was found on the red paintings of the most of the shelters studied. The green earth glauconite, was identified only in one case, by using a red (785 nm) and a green laser (532 nm). Other minerals and silicates were found on the coloured areas but also on the rock support. Calcite (CaCO3) and gypsum (CaSO4 • 2H2O) crystallization was identified on the paintings, crusts and rock surfaces, in combination or alone, and are associated with weathering. In some cases the shelters were so severely degraded that no Raman signal of pigments and/or other components could be retrieved. Calcium oxalates were also detected in several figures and motifs in different shelters.Fil: Rousaki, Anastasia. University of Ghent; BélgicaFil: Vargas, Fernando Emmanuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio; ArgentinaFil: Vázquez, Cristina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Aldazabal, Veronica Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas; ArgentinaFil: Bellelli, Cristina Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; ArgentinaFil: Carballido Calatayud, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Hajduk, Adam. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Museo de la Patagonia "Francisco Perito Moreno"; ArgentinaFil: Palacios, Oscar Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Moens, Luc. University of Ghent; BélgicaFil: Vandenabeele, Peter. University of Ghent; Bélgic

The importance of the orders of intellection and of the orders of reflection in Rosmini's pedagogy: historical-cultural analysis of a void of critical literature

In the cultural history of the reception and interpretation of the pedagogical thought (in a political-juridical-theological key) of Rosmini, critical literature is almost completely lacking on a far from negligible topic, as is the relationship and the mutual reference between the rise of the orders of reflection of conscience, the first of which also coincides with natural rights, and the deriving of the other human rights inferred from them. Furthermore, Rosmini's educational proposal from and on the topic is directly connected with his analysis of this mutual reference. In all respects, the genesis of the lack of focus of critics of this supporting structure seems to be attributed to the undue overlap and/or lack of distinction between (the orders of) intellection and (the orders of) reflection. The article aims to bring to light the centrality, in Rosmini's thought, of conscience and human rights, both arising from the orders of reflection and their dynamics, conceived, in particular, in correlation with the orders of intellection. Moreover, it aims at indicating the terms in which critics have even marginally addressed them, in order to propose some etiological hypotheses that explain this oblivion and void of the critics itself, as well as suggesting concrete historical-educational paths of research aimed at remedying this lacuna

Filosofia e pedagogia della dignità umana. Il contributo di Giambattista Vico e Antonio Rosmini

La ricerca contribuisce a determinare la teoria integrata della dignità umana, corrispondendo alle istanze del dibattito scientifico sull’argomento, in particolare sull’esigenza di costruire un modello capace di far interagire la teoria della dotazione con la teoria della prestazione. Riconoscendo che l’elaborazione di tale teoria integrata esige un confronto tra le teorie della dotazione e della prestazione con le teorie della giustizia, delle istituzioni e dell’educazione, si svolge una ricognizione filosofica, storica e storico-culturale di tale confronto, riguardo al dibattito più recente. L’elemento che pedagogicamente emerge, trasversale e importante ai fini del conseguimento degli obiettivi, è l’affezione, caratteristica sottesa in ciascuna teoria, e tuttavia finora o sottodimensionata, così come articolata estrinsecamente e/o giustapposta, oppure neppure messa in relazione con altre componenti delle teorie esaminate. Contestualizzata la questione sia dal punto di vista epistemologico, sia da quello storico-culturale, ci si concentra sull’analisi anche comparata del pensiero di Vico e Rosmini, inclusa l’interpretazione vichiana di quest’ultimo. Alla luce di tale analisi viene svolta una ricognizione della storia della ricezione del pensiero di entrambi gli autori in materia, soffermandosi sulle diverse scuole interpretative, con specifica attenzione alla pedagogia, per verificare se e quali elementi teorico-pratici si ricavino per contribuire all’elaborazione della teoria integrata. Particolare cura è dedicata al confronto tra i quattro filoni storico-teoretico-culturali delle aree interpretative del pensiero vichiano – trasversale alle accentuazioni delle quali è l’interpretazione del conatus – e le fasi della “questione rosminiana”, concentrandosi sulla svolta affettiva della sua metafisica dopo la novecentesca fine della metafisica. I principali argomenti di convergenza individuati tra Vico e Rosmini in tema di dignità sono: a) la concezione del linguaggio e l’epistemologia dell’immaginazione, struttura antropologica fondamentale che verte sul conatus/affezione; l’indagine è stata svolta anche tramite l’applicazione comparata dell’analisi dei corpora (in italiano e in inglese), in incrocio metodologico tra le scienze linguistiche e storiche; b) il ruolo dell’antropologico-religioso nella teoria dell’incivilimento (confrontata anche con quella del riconoscimento); c) la centralità del diritto e della storia per le dinamiche della società ispirate all’esigenza della giustizia sociale così come perseguita dalle istituzioni, in particolare da quelle educative (e politiche). La complementarietà degli approcci confluisce nella teoria integrata della dignità umana in quanto capacità di articolare nell’affective turn le teorie della giustizia, delle istituzioni e dell’educazione. Ciò si evidenzia nei diversi punti di vista, in specifico nell’analisi degli argomenti di convergenza: 1) la teodicea sociale di Vico è basata sulla storia fatta dagli uomini, nell’interazione provvidenziale della storia ideale eterna, profana e sacra; quella di Rosmini è basata sulla persona in quanto diritto sussistente, che si relaziona con se stessa, il prossimo e la trascendenza/Provvidenza in e tramite le tre società: domestica, civile ed ecclesiale; 2) la “pedagogia giuridica” in Vico è radicata nella dimensione retorica della Scienza Nuova e in quella estetica del diritto (sia come demitizzazione del mitologico, sia come immagine della generazione del Verbo nel facere del diritto naturale delle genti); in Rosmini nel sintesismo delle tre forme dell’essere, tale per cui gli ordini di riflessione dei diritti umani sono ad immagine di quelli della coscienza, che è giudizio speculativo di un giudizio pratico almeno del second’ordine di riflessione.The research contributes to the definition of the integrated theory of human dignity, corresponding to the requirements of the scientific debate on the subject, in particular on the need to construct a model capable of connecting the theory of endowment with the theory of performance. Recognizing that the elaboration of this integrated theory requires a comparison between the theories of endowment and of performance with the theories of justice, of institutions and of education, a philosophical, historical and cultural-historical recognition of this comparison takes place, with regard to the most recent debate. The element that pedagogically emerges, which is transversal and important for the attainment of the objectives, is affection, a characteristic underlying each theory, yet still undersized, as extrinsically articulated and/or juxtaposed, or not even related to other components of the theories analyzed. Once the question is put into context both from an epistemological and a historical-cultural point of view, the focus is on the comparative analysis of Vico’s and Rosmini's thought, including the Vico’s interpretation of the latter. In the light of this analysis, a review of the history of the reception of the thought of both authors on the subject is carried out, focusing on the different interpretative schools, paying specific attention to pedagogy, to verify if and which theoretical-practical elements are obtained to contribute to the elaboration of integrated theory. Particular care is devoted to the comparison between the four historical-theoretical-cultural trends of the interpretative areas of Vico’s thought – to the accentuations of which the interpretation of the conatus is transversal – and the phases of the "Rosminian question", focusing on the affective turning point of his metaphysics after the twentieth-century end of metaphysics. The main topics of convergence identified between Vico and Rosmini on the subject of dignity are: a) the conception of language and the epistemology of the imagination, a fundamental anthropological structure that concerns the conatus/affection; the survey was also carried out through the comparative application of corpora analysis (in Italian and in English), in a methodological cross between the linguistic and historical sciences; b) the role of the anthropological-religious in the theory of civilization (also compared with that of recognition); c) the centrality of law and history for the dynamics of society inspired by the need for social justice as pursued by the institutions, in particular the educational (and political) ones. The complementarity of the approaches merges with the integrated theory of human dignity as a capacity to organize the theories of justice, institutions and education in the affective turn. This is evident in the different points of view, specifically in the analysis of convergence topics: 1) Vico's social theodicy is based on the history made by men, in the providential interaction of the ideal eternal, profane and sacred history; that of Rosmini is based on the person as a subsistent right, which relates to itself, to the neighbour and to the transcendence/Providence in and through the three societies: domestic, civil and ecclesial; 2) the "juridical pedagogy" in Vico is rooted in the rhetorical dimension of the New Science and in the aesthetic one of law (both as demythologization of the mythological and as an image of the generation of the Word in the facere of the natural law of the peoples); that of Rosmini in the synthesism of the three forms of the being, such that the orders of reflection of human rights are in the image of those of conscience, which is a speculative judgment of a practical judgment at least of the second order of reflection

La \uabmetaf\uedsica de la experiencia interior\ubb clave teor\ue9tica de la estructura relacional de la persona.

Riflessione sull'esperienza interiore come esperienza metafisica della relazionalit\ue0 accessibile all'essere uman

Understanding Factors Associated With Psychomotor Subtypes of Delirium in Older Inpatients With Dementia

Objectives: Few studies have analyzed factors associated with delirium subtypes. In this study, we investigate factors associated with subtypes of delirium only in patients with dementia to provide insights on the possible prevention and treatments. Design: This is a cross-sectional study nested in the \u201cDelirium Day\u201d study, a nationwide Italian point-prevalence study. Setting and Participants: Older patients admitted to 205 acute and 92 rehabilitation hospital wards. Measures: Delirium was evaluated with the 4-AT and the motor subtypes with the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale. Dementia was defined by the presence of a documented diagnosis in the medical records and/or prescription of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine prior to admission. Results: Of the 1057 patients with dementia, 35% had delirium, with 25.6% hyperactive, 33.1% hypoactive, 34.5% mixed, and 6.7% nonmotor subtype. There were higher odds of having venous catheters in the hypoactive (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.18-2.81) and mixed type of delirium (OR 2.23, CI 1.43-3.46), whereas higher odds of urinary catheters in the hypoactive (OR 2.91, CI 1.92-4.39), hyperactive (OR 1.99, CI 1.23-3.21), and mixed types of delirium (OR 2.05, CI 1.36-3.07). We found higher odds of antipsychotics both in the hyperactive (OR 2.87, CI 1.81-4.54) and mixed subtype (OR 1.84, CI 1.24-2.75), whereas higher odds of antibiotics was present only in the mixed subtype (OR 1.91, CI 1.26-2.87). Conclusions and Implications: In patients with dementia, the mixed delirium subtype is the most prevalent followed by the hypoactive, hyperactive, and nonmotor subtype. Motor subtypes of delirium may be triggered by clinical factors, including the use of venous and urinary catheters, and the use of antipsychotics. Future studies are necessary to provide further insights on the possible pathophysiology of delirium in patients with dementia and to address the optimization of the management of potential risk factors

Drug Prescription and Delirium in Older Inpatients: Results From the Nationwide Multicenter Italian Delirium Day 2015-2016

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between polypharmacy and delirium, the association of specific drug categories with delirium, and the differences in drug-delirium association between medical and surgical units and according to dementia diagnosis. Methods: Data were collected during 2 waves of Delirium Day, a multicenter delirium prevalence study including patients (aged 65 years or older) admitted to acute and long-term care wards in Italy (2015-2016); in this study, only patients enrolled in acute hospital wards were selected (n = 4,133). Delirium was assessed according to score on the 4 "A's" Test. Prescriptions were classified by main drug categories; polypharmacy was defined as a prescription of drugs from 5 or more classes. Results: Of 4,133 participants, 969 (23.4%) had delirium. The general prevalence of polypharmacy was higher in patients with delirium (67.6% vs 63.0%, P =.009) but varied according to clinical settings. After adjustment for confounders, polypharmacy was associated with delirium only in patients admitted to surgical units (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4-6.1). Insulin, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and atypical antidepressants were associated with delirium, whereas statins and angiotensin receptor blockers exhibited an inverse association. A stronger association was seen between typical and atypical antipsychotics and delirium in subjects free from dementia compared to individuals with dementia (typical: OR = 4.31; 95% CI, 2.94-6.31 without dementia vs OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.19-2.26 with dementia; atypical: OR = 5.32; 95% CI, 3.44-8.22 without dementia vs OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.40 with dementia). The absence of antipsychotics among the prescribed drugs was inversely associated with delirium in the whole sample and in both of the hospital settings, but only in patients without dementia. Conclusions: Polypharmacy is significantly associated with delirium only in surgical units, raising the issue of the relevance of medication review in different clinical settings. Specific drug classes are associated with delirium depending on the clinical setting and dementia diagnosis, suggesting the need to further explore this relationship

Drug prescription and delirium in older inpatients: Results from the nationwide multicenter Italian Delirium Day 2015-2016

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between polypharmacy and delirium, the association of specific drug categories with delirium, and the differences in drug-delirium association between medical and surgical units and according to dementia diagnosis. Methods: Data were collected during 2 waves of Delirium Day, a multicenter delirium prevalence study including patients (aged 65 years or older) admitted to acute and long-term care wards in Italy (2015-2016); in this study, only patients enrolled in acute hospital wards were selected (n = 4,133). Delirium was assessed according to score on the 4 "A's" Test. Prescriptions were classified by main drug categories; polypharmacy was defined as a prescription of drugs from 5 or more classes. Results: Of 4,133 participants, 969 (23.4%) had delirium. The general prevalence of polypharmacy was higher in patients with delirium (67.6% vs 63.0%, P =.009) but varied according to clinical settings. After adjustment for confounders, polypharmacy was associated with delirium only in patients admitted to surgical units (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4-6.1). Insulin, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and atypical antidepressants were associated with delirium, whereas statins and angiotensin receptor blockers exhibited an inverse association. A stronger association was seen between typical and atypical antipsychotics and delirium in subjects free from dementia compared to individuals with dementia (typical: OR = 4.31; 95% CI, 2.94-6.31 without dementia vs OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.19-2.26 with dementia; atypical: OR = 5.32; 95% CI, 3.44-8.22 without dementia vs OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.40 with dementia). The absence of antipsychotics among the prescribed drugs was inversely associated with delirium in the whole sample and in both of the hospital settings, but only in patients without dementia. Conclusions: Polypharmacy is significantly associated with delirium only in surgical units, raising the issue of the relevance of medication review in different clinical settings. Specific drug classes are associated with delirium depending on the clinical setting and dementia diagnosis, suggesting the need to further explore this relationship