The Evolution of Agricultural Policies in Hungary, 1919-1956: A Study in Collectivisation

The work is an attempt to survey and analyse, in a historical context, the evolution of the Communist Party's policy, strategies and tactics with regard to agriculture in Hungary. It covers a period from 1919 - as Hungary emerged from the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the collapse of the short-lived Soviet Republic under Bela Kun - through the considerable political changes after the Second World War - especially when, in 1948, the communists took power and Hungary became a People's Democracy and its agricultural development began to follow the Soviet model closely - to the popular Uprising in 1956. Despite the great changes that had taken place after both the First and Second World Wars the element of continuity was an important factor. One of the main purposes of the study is to trace the interplay of political and economic forces with particular reference to the fortunes of agriculture in Hungary over this period

Efficient Behavior Prediction Based on User Events

In 2020 we have witnessed the dawn of machine learning enabled user experience. Now we can predict how users will use an application. Research progressed beyond recommendations, and we are ready to predict user events. Whenever a human interacts with a system, user events are dispatched. They can be as simple as a mouse click on a menu item or more complex, such as buying a product from an eCommerce site. Collaborative filtering (CF) has proven to be an excellent approach to predict events. Because each user can generate many events, this inevitably leads to a vast number of events in a dataset. Unfortunately, the operation time of CF increases exponentially with the increase of data-points. This paper presents a generalized approach to reduce the dataset’s size without compromising prediction accuracy. Our solution transformed a dataset containing over 20 million user events (20,692,840 rows) into a sparse matrix in about 7 minutes (434.08 s). We have used this matrix to train a neural network to accurately predict user events

Na~+/Ca2~(+)交换对狗心室肌细胞复极的影响

探讨生理状态下Na+/Ca2+交换(NCX)双向模式的离子转换对复极的影响,以及在转换失调时是否为潜在的触发心律失常的机制。应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究单个心室肌细胞在不同频率刺激下动作电位时程(APD)的变化、药物干预改变NCX活性的条件下APD的变化以及与细胞舒张的关系。结果:固定频率(1.0Hz)刺激APD的变化范围和频率改变(0.6~1.0Hz)时APD的变化范围均在一个相对固定的膜电位(10~40mV)范围内。用10mmol/LEGTA缓冲细胞内游离钙后,APD的变异系数明显减小。而废除基质网功能及应用钙通道阻滞剂nifedip-ine并不改变APD的变异程度。因刺激频率减慢造成复极和细胞松弛的不匹配,从而导致后收缩的出现以及APD的延长。在强化NCX逆向活性的条件下穹隆膜电位显著降低,而APD显著延长。结论:在动作电位的复极过程中NCX的逆向模式和顺向模式应该与机械收缩和松弛有完美的匹配。生理状态下的心脏一旦这种匹配失调,NCX会向错误的方向运载钙,从而造成基质网内钙超载,诱发心律失常

STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF PRIMARY KINETOPROPHYLAXY ON BODY WEIGHT OF PREGNANT WOMEN

Woman, even if is well informed and documented, she cannot imagine the multiple changes her body will pass through in a relatively short time, that of the pregnancy. Interdisciplinarity of physical therapy allows new guidelines aiming towards a dynamic psychological-body approach of the pregnant woman. The study objectives were: development and implementation a comprehensive program of prenatal training, analysis and interpretation of results, establishing and drawing conclusions. The methods and means were: implementation of kinetoprophylactic program of pregnant woman included theoretically, physically and mentally training, measuring and evaluating the weight gain during pregnancy. Results: to increase in weight between 0-9 kilograms, at this level ascertaining the frequency of 17 subjects in the experimental group 8.5% and 7 subjects in the control group representing 3.5% in increase in weight between 9-15 kilograms; at this category it was found a frequency of 173 subjects, ie 84.5% of the experimental group and 161 subjects, ie 80.5% of the control group and the increase in weight over 15 kg, it was found a frequency of 10 subjects, ie 5% of the experimental group and 32 subjects, meaning 16% of the control group, of all subjects of the study group. Conclusion: even if weight gain frequency analysis seems to refute working hypothesis, we consider this positively as we reveal a trend in society regarding the principles of care of the mother during pregnancy and weight gain control. Influența kinetoprofilaxiei primare asupra greutății corporale a gravidelor. Femeia, chiar dacă este bine informată și documentată, nu își poate imagina multiplele schimbări prin care urmează să treacă corpul ei într-o perioadă de timp relativ scurtă, cea a sarcinii. Interdisciplinaritatea kinetoterapiei permite noi orientări ce tind spre o abordare psiho - corporală dinamică a femeii gravide. Obiectivele studiului au fost: elaborarea și implementarea unui program complet de pregătire prenatală, analiza și interpretarea rezultatelor și stabilirea și formularea concluziilor. Metodele și mijloacele au fost: implementarea programului kinetoprofilactic a gravidei a cuprins pregătirea din punct de vedere teoretic, fizic și psihic și măsurarea și evaluarea creșterii în greutate pe perioada sarcinii. Rezultate: la creștere în greutate între 0-9 kilograme, la acest nivel constatându-se o frecvență de 17 subiecți din grupul experiment reprezentând 8,5% iar 7 subiecți din grupul control reprezentând 3.5% la creștere în greutate între 9-15 kilograme; la această categorie, s-a constatat o frecvență de 173 subiecți, adică 84,5% din grupul experiment, și 161 subiecți, adică 80,5% din grupul control iar la creștere în greutate de peste 15 kilograme, s-a constatat o frecvență de 10 subiecți, adică 5% din grupul experiment și 32 subiecți, adică 16% din grupul control, din totalul de subiecți ai lotului studiului. Concluzii: chiar dacă analiza frecvenței de creștere a greutății pare să infirme ipoteza de lucru, acest aspect îl considerăm pozitiv deoarece ne relevă existența unui trend în societate privind principii de îngrijire a mamei pe timpul sarcinii și de control al greutății corporale.  Cuvinte cheie: femeia, graviditate, profilaxi

A Preliminary Study on Protease Activity of Russian Sturgeon, Acipencer gueldenstaedtii Brandt and Ratzenburg, 1833, at Early Life Stages

The fish feed industry continues to researches for optimum diet demands for candidate species culture. For this purpose, in vitro analyze methods may be more efficient than in vivo assays. This study includes two different stages; the first one is about the effect of commercial feeding protocol on protease enzyme alteration and the second one is about the inhibitory effects of different protein sources on early life proteases of Russian sturgeon, A. gueldenstaedtii, juveniles. In the first step, feeding with live prey and transition period to artificial feed significantly affected the daily amount of protease in digestive system ( P < 0.05). In the second part, some protein sources used in micro diets were tested in vitro for examination of their possible inhibitory effects on the proteases of Russian sturgeon larvae. The minimum inhibitory effect was obtained from fish meal (15.44%), but however, soybean protein concentration, soybean meal, corn gluten and rice bran inhibited the proteases significantly higher than FM and its combinations (63.55, 71.81, 72.24, and 80.77%, respectively). Additionally, dual combinations between fish meal and soybean meal/soybean protein concentration with the ration of three to one ( 3: 1) was moderate (26.38 and 22.13 %), whereas blood meal extremely produced a 97.28% inhibitory ratio

Ponovo uvođenje manića u akvakulturu Mađarske (preliminarni rezultati)

Burbot (Lota Lota) is a native species in Hungary and is known to live in most of our rivers. It is a popular but slightly rare catch among anglers. The length of the larger sized individuals varies between 40 and 50 centimeters, rarely reaches 60 cm, the national record is 3,56 kg from 2001 (Harka and Sallai, 2007). The Hungarian aquaculture industry is interested in rearing this species for a while, however in spite of some foreign research teams having started to work on investigating the rearing of burbot (Żarski et al., 2010; Trabelsi et al., 2011; Lahnsteiner et al., 2012;), this species does not have a developed and detailed reproduction and rearing technology. The previous national studies (e.g. Keresztessy and Rideg, 2001) and the increasing consumer and angler needs made us to begin the rearing and reproduction of burbot again. Two Polish, RAS reared burbot population delivery arrived to Hungary lately: 1000 pcs larvae with 15 g average weight on 08.10.2014 and 100 pcs broodstock with 210 g average weight on 15.12.2014 from the laboratory of the Warmia and Mazury University. The fish were introduced to RAS system here as well, in the fish farm of Zoltán Szabó self-entrepreneur. Larvae were fed with Scretting trout feed (protein: 42%, fat: 14%), at the start in an amount of 140 g/day, later, until 13.04.2015 in an amount of 280 g/day. By this time, the average weight reached 62 g, and altogether 96 individuals died (survival rate: 90,4%) For feeding the broodstock intended for reproduction, the feed was the same Scretting feed, and after one month, we have changed to Aquabio (protein: 54%, fat: 17%). By 13.04.2015 the average weight reached 300 g, survival rate is 50% due to a bacterial infection. The water temperature was constant 14˚C. For the purpose of reproduction, we have placed 40 females into a 700 l tank, where we have reduced the water temperature to 2-2,5 ˚C in a very short time. We could strip eggs from 13 individuals at 3 different dates (20.03, 24.03, and 26.03) and success rates (PGSI: 11,75 % ±11,75; 24,43 % ±4,40; 12,92% ±3,62). In addition to the rearing and reproduction technology experiments, we have conducted a preliminary fish processing experiment as well, where we tested the following parameters: weight of intestines, liver, head, spine, and meat, the characteristics of the fish meat, reactions during kitchen preparation and taste after preparation. The work was supported by the project number 8526-5/2014/TUDPOL of the Ministry of Human Resources of Hungary.Manić (Lota Lota) je nativna vrsta ribe u Mađarskoj i poznato je da on živi skoro u svim našim rekama. Među pecarošima, ova vrsta je veoma popularna mada je retka kada je reč o ulovu. Dužina većih jedinki varira između 40 i 50 santimetara, retko dostiže dužinu od 60 santimetara, a državni rekord od 3,56 kg dostignut je 2001. godine (Harka and Sallai, 2007). Mađarska industrija za akvakulturu je zainteresovana za gajenje ove vrste već neko vreme, međutim uprkos činjenici da su neki strani istraživački timovi počeli da rade na istraživanju metoda za gajenje manića (Żarski et al., 2010; Trabelsi et al., 2011; Lahnsteiner et al., 2012;), ova vrsta nema detaljno razvijenu tehnologiju za reprodukciiju i uzgoj. Prethodna istraživanja na nivou države (e.g. Keresztessy and Rideg, 2001) i povećane potrebe potrošača i pecaroša podstakli su nas da ponovo započnemo uzgoj i reprodukciju manića. Nedavno su u Mađarsku dostavljene 2 populacije manića gajene u Poljskoj u RAS sistemu: 08.10.2014 dostavljeno je 1000 larvi prosečne težine 15g, a 15.12.2014 dostavljeno je 100 matica prosečne težine od 210g iz laboratorija Univerziteta Warmia i Mazury. Ribe su i u Mađarskoj uvedene u RAS sistem, na privatnom ribnjaku Zoltána Szabó. Larve su hranjene sa Scretting hranom za pastrmke (proteina: 42%, masti: 14%), na početku sa 140 g/dnevno, a kasnije i do 13.04.2015 sa 280 g/dnevno. Do tog datuma, prosečna težina jedinki dostigla je 62 g, a ukupno 96 jedinki je uginulo (stopa preživljavanja: 90,4%). Ista hrana, Scretting, korišćena je i za hranjenje matica za reprodukciju, međutim posle mesec dana, promenili smo je i počeli da koristimo Aquabio (proteina: 54%, masti: 17%). Do 13.04.2015 prosečna težina dostigla je 300 g, a stopa preživljavanja bila je 50% zbog bakterijske infekcije. Temperatura vode bila je konstantna: 14˚C. Da bi izvršili reprodukciju, stavili smo 40 ženki u tank od 700 l, u kome smo za jako kratak vremenski period snizili temperaturu na 2-2,5 ˚C. Uspeli smo da istisnemo ikru od 13 jedinki u tri različita dana (20.03, 24.03, i 26.03) sa stopom uspeha od PGSI: 11,75 % ±11,75; 24,43 % ±4,40; 12,92% ±3,62). Osim tehnoloških eksperimenata za gajenje i reprodukciju, izvršili smo preliminarni ekperiment prerade ribe, u kome smo testirali sledeće parametre: težinu creva, jetre, glave, kičme i mesa, karakteristike ribljeg mesa, reakcije u toku pripreme u kuhinji i ukus nakon pripreme. Rad je podržan projektom 8526-5/2014/TUDPOL Ministarstva Ljudskih Resursa Mađarske

Perceived usefulness of mirrored video self-modeling in the development of bilateral competence in elite team-sports

The use of video technology in perfecting athletic training has many benefits on performance. The aim of this study was to determine: (1) athletes' perception of the importance of bilateral skills in sports; (2) the prevalence of use of video feedback in individual skill development; and (3) athletes' attitude toward "mirrored" video self-modelling in four sports. A total of 20 elite athletes, from four popular team sports, were interviewed regarding the three issues using semi-structured interviews. The qualitative results indicate that bilateral skills are differently appreciated in the four team sports. They are perceived as the most important by soccer players, followed by basketball- and handball players and least important by the water polo players. These findings are in full synchrony with athletes’ attitudes toward using mirrored video self-modelling. It emerges that the use of technology for developing bilateral skills, with the aim to improve sport performance, is currently sport specific and matches the actual worldwide ranking of the sports' popularity

Quasiliving cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline in benzotrifluoride, as an alternative reaction medium

Cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx) was systematically investigated in benzotrifluoride (BTF), which is considered as an environmentally less harmful solvent than many conventional reaction media. Simultaneously, polymerizations in conventional solvents, such as acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylacetamide and toluene, were also carried out for comparison in the 80-100 degrees C temperature range. Kinetic experiments revealed that the monomer consumption occurs by first order kinetics and the number average molecular weights linearly increase in line with the theoretical molecular weight as a function of monomer conversion. These findings indicate that the polymerization takes place by quasiliving CROP in all the investigated solvents, including BTF as well, resulting in PEtOx with prederminded molecular weights and polydispersities of 1.3-15. The highest polymerization rates were obtained in BTF, resulting in high conversions in short reaction times at 100 degrees C reaction temperature. The Arrhenius parameters of the polymerization of EtOx in BTF indicates relatively high activation energy in comparison with other applied solvents, however, a compensation effect between the activation energies and frequency factor is observed for such polymerization in a variety of solvents. Our findings are expected to enable the convenient synthesis of polyoxazolines and polyoxazoline-based well-defined polymer architectures in BTF, an environmentally advantageous alternative solvent to harmful polymerization media, with high polymerization rates in short reaction times without the need for any special conditions or equipment.Peer reviewe

T cell immune response predicts survival in severely ill COVID-19 patients requiring venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support

IntroductionThere is a critical gap in understanding which SARS-CoV-2 patients would benefit most from venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) support. The potential role of a dysregulated immune response is still unclear in this patient population.ObjectivesTo assess the potential predictive value of SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immune responses for survival in critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring VV-ECMO.MethodsWe conducted a prospective single-center observational study of unvaccinated patients requiring VV-ECMO support treated at the intensive care unit of Semmelweis University Heart and Vascular Center between March and December 2021. Peripheral blood samples were collected to measure the humoral and cellular immune statuses of the patients at the VV-ECMO cannulation. Patients were followed until hospital discharge.ResultsOverall, 35 COVID-19 patients (63% men, median age 37 years) on VV-ECMO support were included in our study. The time from COVID-19 verification to ECMO support was a median (IQR) of 10 (7-14) days. Of the patients, 9 (26%) were discharged alive and 26 (74%) died during their hospital stay. Immune tests confirmed ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection in all the patients, showing an increased humoral immune response. SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response was significantly higher among survivors compared to the deceased patients. A higher probability of survival was observed in patients with markers indicating a higher T cell response detected by both QuantiFeron (QF) and flow cytometry (Flow) assays. (Flow S1 CD8+ ≥ 0.15%, Flow S1 CD4+ ≥ 0.02%, QF CD4 ≥ 0.07, QF whole genome ≥ 0.59). In univariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis BMI, right ventricular (RV) failure, QF whole genome T cell level, and Flow S1 CD8+ T cell level were associated with mortality, and we found that an increased T cell response showed a significant negative association with mortality, independent of BMI and RV failure.ConclusionEvaluation of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response before the cannulation can aid the risk stratification and evaluation of seriously ill COVID-19 patients undergoing VV-ECMO support by predicting survival, potentially changing our clinical practice in the future

Sodium-Calcium Exchange Initiated by the Ca2+Transient An Arrhythmia Trigger Within Pulmonary Veins

ObjectivesThe hypothesis that an increased or prolonged Ca2+transient during an abbreviated action potential can give rise to early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and triggered arrhythmia by enhanced forward sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchange was examined.BackgroundBecause pulmonary veins have the shortest action potential of any cardiac tissue, we examined this hypothesis in canine pulmonary vein sleeves during interventions further shortening the action potential and increasing the calcium transient.MethodsExtracellular bipolar electrode, intracellular microelectrode, and isometric force (a surrogate marker for the Ca2+transient) recordings were obtained from superfused canine pulmonary veins.ResultsAn elevation and prolongation of the terminal phase of repolarization (EADs) were observed during interventions increasing contractile force; isoproterenol or norepinephrine (3.2 × 10−11to 3.2 × 10−7M), hypothermia, and pacing (post-extrasystolic potentiation, post-pacing pause). The EAD formation was prevented by ryanodine (10 μM) or reversed by transiently increasing [Ca2+]ofrom 1.35 to 5 mM (inhibition of forward Na-Ca exchange). Pacing-induced EADs were enhanced by re-introduction of normal Tyrode solution (Na+= 130 mM) after substitution of 30 mM NaCl with 30 mM LiCl (stimulation of forward Na-Ca exchange). With norepinephrine or isoproterenol (3.2 × 10−8M) + acetylcholine (10−7M) (to enhance the Ca2+transient and further shorten the abbreviated action potential, respectively), tachycardia-pause initiated arrhythmia (1,132 ± 153 beats/min) lasting >1 s was observed. Rapid firing was prevented by either suppression of the Ca2+transient (ryanodine) or transiently increasing [Ca2+]o.ConclusionsThe data show EAD formation in superfused canine pulmonary veins, enhanced by an increased Ca2+transient and increased Na-Ca exchange current. With subsequent shortening of the action potential with acetylcholine, tachycardia-pause triggers rapid firing within the PV sleeve