Coordinación en materia de Seguridad y salud en el Centro de Creación de las Artes de Alcorcón

Exposición del método llevado a cabo en el proyecto de construcción y coordinación en materia de Prevención de Riesgos de este complejo artístico y cultural

Reference crop evapotranspiration database in Spain (1961-2014)

Obtaining climate grids describing distinct variables is important for developing better climate studies. These grids are also useful products for other researchers and end users. The atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) may be measured in terms of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), a key variable for understanding water and energy terrestrial balances and an important variable in climatology, hydrology and agronomy. Despite its importance, the calculation of ETo is not commonly undertaken, mainly because datasets consisting of a high number of climate variables are required and some of the required variables are not commonly available. To address this problem, a strategy based on the spatial interpolation of climate variables prior to the calculation of ETo using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation was followed to obtain an ETo database for continental Spain and the Balearic Islands, covering the 1961-2014 period at a spatial resolution of 1.1 km and at a weekly temporal resolution. In this database, values for the radiative and aerodynamic components as well as the estimated uncertainty related to ETo were also provided. This database is available for download in the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) at https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/8615 (Tomas-Burguera et al., 2019). A map visualization tool (http://speto.csic.es, last access: 10 December 2019) is available to help users download the data corresponding to one specific point in comma-separated values (csv) format. A relevant number of research areas could take advantage of this database. For example, (i) studies of the Budyko curve, which relates rainfall data to the evapotranspiration and AED at the watershed scale, (ii) calculations of drought indices using AED data, such as the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) or Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), (iii) agroclimatic studies related to irrigation requirements, (iv) validation of climate models'' water and energy balance, and (v) studies of the impacts of climate change in terms of the AED

A proposal for improving safety in construction projects by strengthening coordinators’ competencies in health and safety issues

The figure of the coordinator in health and safety issues in the construction sector first appeared in our legislation through the incorporation of the European Directives (in our case Royal Decree 1627/97 on the minimum health and safety regulations in construction works), and is viewed differently in different countries of the European Union regarding the way they are hired and their role in the construction industry. Coordinating health and safety issues is also a management process that requires certain competencies that are not only based on technical or professional training, but which, taking account of the work environment, require the use of strategies and tools that are related to experience and personal skills. Through a piece of research that took account of expert opinions in the matter, we have found which competencies need to be possessed by the health and safety coordinator in order to improve the safety in the works they are coordinating. The conclusions of the analyses performed using the appropriate statistical methods (comparing means and multivariate analysis techniques), will enable training programmes to be designed and ensure that the health and safety coordinators selected have the competencies required to carry out their duties

Numerical treatment of the resistance term in upwind schemes in debris flow runout modeling

53 Pags.- 16 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://ascelibrary.org/journal/jhend8Fast flows and avalanches of rock and debris are among the most dangerous of all landslide processes. Understanding and predicting postfailure motion (runout) of this kind of flowlike landslides is thus key for risk assessment, justifying the development of numerical models able to simulate their dynamics. In this paper a numerical method for the resolution of the depth-averaged debris flow model is presented. This set of nonlinear differential equations is formed by a variation of the shallow water equations, including strong bed slope, and a rheology resistance term. This paper focus on the numerical discretization of the resistance term, exploring three different approximations: pointwise, implicit, and unified. Well balance between numerical flux and source terms is only achieved using the unified discretization. In order to avoid nonphysical values of the water depth and discharge, a limitation of the unified resistance term is also needed. This correction is made following three conditions that identify the physical boundaries of the resistance term in the debris flow. This technique does not affect the computational efficiency of the method, keeping the original time step. Furthermore, proposed analytical test cases show that the three resistance limitations do not significantly perturb the numerical solution. The properties of the resulting numerical scheme are studied using a set of numerical experiments that include steady and transient flows. The results show the convenience of the unified discretization and the need of the three-condition limitation in order to avoid unphysical solutions.This research was supported by project Changing RISKS(OPE00446/PIM2010ECR-54900726)financed by EU FP7 ERANET CIRCLE Programme,and Grupo de Excelencia E68550 financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund(ESF).CIRCLE Project reference:SSA-011793Peer reviewe

Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) revisited: parameter fitting, evapotranspiration models, tools, datasets and drought monitoring

48 págs., 25 figs. Available online 21 December 2013. The definitive version is available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0088The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was developed in 2010 and has been used in an increasing number of climatology and hydrology studies. The objective of this article is to describe computing options that provide flexible and robust use of the SPEI. In particular, we present methods for estimating the parameters of the log-logistic distribution for obtaining standardized values, methods for computing reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and weighting kernels used for calculation of the SPEI at different time scales. We discuss the use of alternative ET0 and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) methods and different options on the resulting SPEI series by use of observational and global gridded data. The results indicate that the equation used to calculate ET0 can have a significant effect on the SPEI in some regions of the world. Although the original formulation of the SPEI was based on plotting-positions Probability Weighted Moment (PWM), we now recommend use of unbiased PWM for model fitting. Finally, we present new software tools for computation and analysis of SPEI series, an updated global gridded database, and a real-time drought-monitoring system.This work has been supported by the research projects CGL2011-24185, CGL2011-27574-CO2-02 and CGL2011-27536 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER, “Demonstration and validation of innovative methodology for regional climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean area (LIFE MEDACC)” financed by the LIFE programme of the European Commission and CTTP1/12 “Creación de un modelo de alta resolución espacial para cuantificar la esquiabilidad y la afluencia turística en el Pirineo bajo distintos escenarios de cambio climático”, financed by the Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos.Peer reviewe

SPEIbase v.2.4 [Dataset]

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI).Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.3 (http://hdl.handle.net/10261/104742).-- What’s new in version 2.4: 1) Data has been extended to the period 1901-2014 (it was 1901-2013 in v 2.3), based on the CRU TS3.23 dataset.-- For more details on the SPEI visit http://sac.csic.es/spei.Peer reviewe

SPEIbase v.2.5 [Dataset]

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI).Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.4 (http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/128892).-- What’s new in version 2.5: 1) Data has been extended to the period 1901-2015 (it was 1901-2014 in v 2.4), based on the CRU TS3.24.01 dataset. 2) A bug on versions 2.2 to 2.4 of the dataset has been corrected that prevented correctly reading the ETo data in mm/month-- For more details on the SPEI visit http://sac.csic.es/spei.Peer reviewe

Comparison of precipitation measurements by OTT Parsivel2 and Thies LPM optical disdrometers

27 Pags.- 7 Tabls.- 14 Figs. © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.. Optical disdrometers are present weather sensors with the ability of providing detailed information on precipitation such as rain intensity, radar reflectivity or kinetic energy, together with discrete information on the particle size and fall velocity distribution (PSVD) of the hydrometeors. Disdrometers constitute a step forward towards a more complete characterization of precipitation, being useful in several research fields and applications. In this article the performance of two extensively used optical disdrometers, the most recent version of OTT Parsivel2 disdrometer and Thies Clima Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM), is evaluated. During 2 years, four collocated optical disdrometers, two Thies Clima LPM and two OTT Parsivel2 , collected up to 100 000 min of data and up to 30 000 min with rain in more than 200 rainfall events, with intensities peaking at 277 mm h−1 in 1 minute. The analysis of these records shows significant differences between both disdrometer types for all integrated precipitation parameters, which can be explained by differences in the raw PSVD estimated by the two sensors. Thies LPM recorded a larger number of particles than Parsivel2 and a higher proportion of small particles than OTT Parsivel2 , resulting in higher rain rates and totals and differences in radar reflectivity and kinetic energy. These differences increased greatly with rainfall intensity. Possible causes of these differences, and their practical consequences, are discussed in order to help researchers and users in the choice of sensor, and at the same time pointing out limitations to be addressed in future studies.This work has been supported by the research projects CGL2011-24185, CGL2014-52135-C3-1-R and CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R, financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) and EUFEDER. The work of Marta Angulo-Martínez was supported by a postdoctoral grant by MINECO.Peer reviewe

Numerical simulation of the debris flow dynamics with an upwind scheme and specific friction treatment

Debris flows, snow and rock avalanches, mud and earth flows are often modeled by means of a particular realization of the so called shallow water equations (SWE). Indeed, a number of simulation models have been already developed [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. Debris flow equations differ from shallow water equations in two main aspects. These are (a) strong bed gradient and (b) rheology friction terms that differ from the traditional SWE. A systematic analysis of the numerical solution of the hyperbolic system of equations rising from the shallow water equations with different rheological laws has not been done. Despite great efforts have been done to deal with friction expressions common in hydraulics (such as Manning friction), landslide rheologies are characterized by more complicated expressions that may deal to unphysical solutions if not treated carefully.Peer Reviewe

Empleo de materiales compuestos como protecciones colectivas en obras de construcción

Los materiales compuestos son materiales bifásicos formados por fibras embebidas en una matriz. Se fabrican expresamente para mejorar los valores de las propiedades mecánicas que los materiales constituyentes presentan por separado. Si bien la variedad de los mismos es enorme, se cumple como denominador común la existencia de un elemento fibroso, que aporta rigidez y resistencia, y una matriz que configura geométricamente el material compuesto, reparte las cargas a través de las fibras y las protege de la humedad y de los agentes agresivos. Su origen se remonta a finales de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en aplicaciones dentro de la industria aeronáutica y militar. En tiempos más recientes han encontrado usos en la industria deportiva y automovilística. Se caracterizan por su ligereza (del orden de 1 ,6 gr/cm3)r lo cual les aporta ventajas tanto desde el punto de vista de economía y facilidad en el transporte de la pieza hasta la obra, como desde el de economía y facilidad en el montaje y puesta en obra, sin olvidar la reducción de cargas muertas. Presentan un buen comportamiento ante la corrosión y el ataque de agentes ambientales, lo cual supone una ventaja en todos 105 ambientes agresivos, siendo el mantenimiento prácticamente nulo. Poseen buenas características mecánicas y, en particular, elevada resistencia a tracción, compresión cortadura e impacto, lo cual permite su utilización formando parte de protecciones colectivas. Las fibras empleadas pueden estar constituidas por carbón, vidrio, boro, aramida, metal, cerámica, etc. La naturaleza de la matriz también puede ser muy variada: orgánica, mineral, metálica, cerámica, etc. Las fibras de vidrio son usualmente más baratas y presentan alargamientos últimos muy elevados en rotura y resistencias altas, sin embargo su rigidez es relativamente baja y son vulnerables frente al ataque alcalino. Las fibras de aramida presentan muy buena resistencia a tracción pero su comportamiento es muy pobre en compresión y bajo cargas mantenidas. Las fibras de carbono poseen mayores resistencias así como módulos de elasticidad muy elevados, pero son considerablemente más caras. El comportamiento de las fibras puede suponerse elástico hasta rotura.Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de Españ