Strategic behavior and efficiency in a groundwater pumping differential game

In this paper socially optimal and private exploitation of a common property aquifer are compared. Open-loop and feedback equilibria in nonlinear strategies have been computed to characterize the private solution. The use of these two equilibrium concepts aIlows us to distinguish between cost and strategic externalities. The open-Loop solution captures only the cost externality, whereas the feedback solution captures both externalities. The results show that strategic behavior increases the overexploitation of the aquifer compared to the open-loop solution. However, if the groundwater storage capacity is large, the difference between the socIally optImal and private exploitation, characterized by a feedback equilibrium, is negligible and can be ignored for practical purposes. En este trabajo se comparan la explotación privada y socialmente óptima de un acuífero de propiedad común. Para caracterizar la solución privada se han calculado los equilibrios' openloop' y 'feedback' en estrategias no lineales. El uso de estos dos conceptos de equilibrio nos ha permitido distinguir entre efectos externos estratégicos y de coste. La solución 'open-loop' captura solamente el efecto externo de los costes mientras que la SolucIón 'feedback' captura ambos efectos externos. Los resultados muestran que el comportamiento estratégico aumenta la sobreexplotación del acuífero comparado con la solución 'open-loop' o Sin embargo, si la capacidad de almacenamiento del acuífero es grande, la diferencia entre la explotación privada y la socialmente óptima, caracterizada por un equilibrio 'feedback', es despreciable y puede Ignorarse para propósitos prácticos.Explotación de aguas subterráneas, recursos de propiedad común, efecto externo estratégico, juegos diferenciales, solución 'feedback', estrategias no lineales Groundwater exploitation, common property resources, strategic externality, differential games, feedback solution, nonlinear strategies

LA POSTPRODUCCION CULTURAL. UNA ESTETICA DE RELACIONES

EL MUNDO DE LA CULTURA EN GENERAL Y DEL ARTE EN PARTICULAR ES EL AMBITO DE DESARROLLO DE ESTA PROPUESTA. UNA MESA DE BEBIDAS DE UNA EXPOSICIÓN CUALQUIERA ES EL INSTRUMENTO DEL QUE NOS SERVIMOS PARA HABLAR DE UN ACTO SOCIAL DONDE LAS RELACIONES INTERPERSONALES Y LO LÚDICO ES MAS IMPORTANTE QUE LOS OBJETOS EXPUESTOS.Martínez Santiago, B. (2007). LA POSTPRODUCCION CULTURAL. UNA ESTETICA DE RELACIONES. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/12437Archivo delegad

Perfil epidemiológico y clínico de la tuberculosis en niños de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid

La tuberculosis (TB) es una de las enfermedades más antiguas de las que se tiene constancia. El término tuberculosis fue empleado por primera vez por JL Schönlein en 1839, basándose en la palabra tubérculo, que previamente había sido designada por R Morton en 1689 para referirse a las lesiones características de la enfermedad. Su agente causal, la bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) fue descrita por R Koch en 1882. Esta bacteria pertenece al complejo M. tuberculosis complex, junto con M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti y M. microti. Estas especies son también responsables de la TB humana, pero tienen menor relevancia desde el punto de vista clínico y sanitario. MTB es un bacilo ácido-alcohol resistente, inmóvil y no esporulado, que mide de 0,8 a 4 micras. Tiene un metabolismo aeróbico estricto, con desarrollo óptimo a 35-37ºC, y su crecimiento depende del oxígeno y del pH circulante. Es muy resistente a las condiciones de frío, congelación y desecación. Por el contrario, es muy sensible al calor, la luz solar y la luz ultravioleta. Su multiplicación es muy lenta, dividiéndose cada 16-20 horas, y tarda de 3 a 6 semanas para crecer en medios selectivos. Este lento crecimiento justifica su clínica inespecífica y lenta instauración. Ante circunstancias adversas, puede entrar en estado de latencia, y permanecer en esas condiciones durante años. MTB posee una pared celular rica en lípidos de alto peso molecular, responsable de varias de sus características biológicas, como la dificultad para ser destruido por los macrófagos o la resistencia a la desecación..

A HEV-restricted sulfotransferase is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and is induced by lymphotoxin-alpha/beta and TNF-alpha in cultured endothelial cells.

BackgroundThe recruitment of lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs relies on interactions of circulating cells with high endothelial venules (HEV). HEV are exclusive to these organs under physiological conditions, but they can develop in chronically-inflamed tissues. The interaction of L-selectin on lymphocytes with sulfated glycoprotein ligands on HEV results in lymphocyte rolling, which represents the initial step in lymphocyte homing. HEV expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 (also known as HEC-GlcNAc6ST, GST-3, LSST or CHST4), an HEV-restricted sulfotransferase, is essential for the elaboration of L-selectin functional ligands as well as a critical epitope recognized by MECA-79 mAb.ResultsWe examined the expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 in relationship to the MECA-79 epitope in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial vessels. Expression of GlcNAc6ST-2 was specific to RA synovial tissues as compared to osteoarthritis synovial tissues and localized to endothelial cells of HEV-like vessels and small flat-walled vessels. Double MECA-79 and GlcNAc6ST-2 staining showed colocalization of the MECA-79 epitope and GlcNAc6ST-2. We further found that both TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alphabeta induced GlcNAc6ST-2 mRNA and protein in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells.ConclusionThese observations demonstrate that GlcNAc6ST-2 is induced in RA vessels and provide potential cytokine pathways for its induction. GlcNAc6ST-2 is a novel marker of activated vessels within RA ectopic lymphoid aggregates. This enzyme represents a potential therapeutic target for RA

Hard and soft news and bad practices in television newscasts

La práctica periodística en televisión no se ajusta a los estándares éticos de exigencia profesional. El estudio de las noticias, diferenciadas entre duras y blandas, indica que las cadenas públicas son más rigurosas que las privadas en cuanto a los acontecimientos que incluyen en sus informativos: priman los relacionados con la política y la economía. El análisis de su tratamiento, por su parte, atestigua que las primeras son más laxas en cuanto al respeto de los principios deontológicos. Los resultados advierten que el sensacionalismo y la mezcla entre información y opinión son los errores que se repiten en mayor medida. Se han examinado un total de 1.928 informaciones, correspondientes a las emisiones de los noticiarios nocturnos de las seis cadenas de mayor audiencia en Euskadi: La 1, Telecinco, Antena 3, laSexta, Cuatro y ETB2.The practice of journalism in television doesn’t respect ethical standards of professional exigency. The selection of hard and soft news made by channels indicates that TVs of public ownership are more exigent that privately owned ones in their exercise, because news related to politics and economy have primacy in the newscasts. However, the analysis of the treatment shows the opposite: public channels are more relaxed in the fulfilment of ethical principles. Results reveal that sensationalism and not to distinguish information and opinion are the most common mistakes. A total of 1,928 news items integrating evening newscasts of the six most widely watched TV channels in the Basque Country have been examined: La 1, Telecinco, Antena 3, laSexta, Cuatro and ETB2

Data on the distribution and feeding of fin whales off the Galician coasts

One ofthe aims of a next CODA (Cetacean Offshore Distribution and Abundance in the European Atlantic)-IEO survey, is to investigate the presence of fin whales and their prey off the Galician coast. As a preparation it was considered useful to look at the available historical information regarding fin whale presence off GaIicia. Some observations about fin whaIe feeding are aIso presented here. The catch statistics for 1952 - 1985 were analysed for pattems of seasonal distribution. Information about the geographic distribution of fin whaIes was obtained from positions in the catch statistics, from sightings made by the whaling boats and from severaI sighting surveys. These positions were represented in charts with bathymetric profiles to visualise the distribution of whales in relation with the sea bottom topography. The prey species found in the stomachs of 17 individuaIs caught during the 1983 season were identified and their degree of digestion and semi-quantitative abundance evaIuated. Throughout the historie series more than 70 % ofthe catches occur between July and September. Some temporal distributional pattems can be described along the time series and in relation with annual values ofNAO and Gulf Stream indices. Positions of catches and sightings data were plotted by months and compared to show the seasonal distribution and reIative movements of fin whaIes. Only 3 of the 17 stomachs were empty. The prey most commonly found (85.7 % of the stomachs with food) was the euphausiid Meganycthiphanes norvegica. One whale has only the gadoid fish Micromesistius poutassou and another whale a mixture of both items. The degree of digestion and the amount of food in the stomachs suggest a moming feeding periodo The position and dates of the catches of these specimens could also indicate areas where euphausiids and fish were locally abundant in that particular year

Cleaning phenolic compounds present in water using salting-out effect with DCA-based ionic liquids

Water is an essential natural resource, and its contamination is an important issue at present. This study aimed to increase the techniques that can be used to clean and reuse industrial wastewater by studying the feasibility of an aqueous two-phase system to eliminate phenolic compounds from aqueous systems. The system was prepared using two hydrophilic ionic liquids based on dicyanamide anion, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazlium dicyanamide [EMim] [DCA], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [BMim][DCA], and one inorganic salt, K3PO4, at three different concentrations (20, 30, and 40%). The process was tested for the removal of phenol, o-cresol, 2-chlorophenol, and a mixture of them (PCM) at initial concentrations from 0.003 to 15 g·L−1 in water. The extraction efficiencies for all the studied systems were calculated. The influence of the structure of the cation, the concentration of salt, and the initial concentration of the extracted compounds in the extraction yields were recorded. In general, the obtained results were high for all the studied systems, with extraction efficiencies of more than 90% representing the highest removal of the 2-chlorophenol compound using [EMim] [DCA] at the highest concentration of salt.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología | Ref. CTM2013-46093-