Governor Bernardo de Galvez's New Orleans Belle : Felicitas de ST. Maxent

El ilustre soldado Bernardo de Gálvez nació en 1746 en el pueblo malagueño de Macharaviaya. Sirvió en la invasión de Argel en 1775 y al año fue destinado a Nueva Orleans donde casó con la criolla Felicitas de St. Maxent. Al terminar la guerra de 1783 el matrimonio regresó por un año a la península. Fue ascendido a virrey de México en 1785 donde murió al año. La viuda Felicitas regreso a España con sus cuatro hijos convirtiendo su palacete en Madrid en tertulia de los ilustrados de la capital, incluyendo al Conde de Aranda y Cabarrús, Sabatini, Moratín, etc. Fue desterrada en 1790 por dos años a Valladolid y Zaragoza por orden de la Reina María Luisa y Godoy. Murió en Aranjuez en 1799

¿Quién era el General Urrutia que Goya retrató?

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Washington Irving en Madrid (1826 - 28): Cristóbal Colón.

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The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury. III. Measuring Ages and Masses of Partially Resolved Stellar Clusters

The apparent age and mass of a stellar cluster can be strongly affected by stochastic sampling of the stellar initial mass function (IMF), when inferred from the integrated color of low-mass clusters (≾10^4 M_☉). We use simulated star clusters to show that these effects are minimized when the brightest, rapidly evolving stars in a cluster can be resolved, and the light of the fainter, more numerous unresolved stars can be analyzed separately. When comparing the light from the less luminous cluster members to models of unresolved light, more accurate age estimates can be obtained than when analyzing the integrated light from the entire cluster under the assumption that the IMF is fully populated. We show the success of this technique first using simulated clusters, and then with a stellar cluster in M31. This method represents one way of accounting for the discrete, stochastic sampling of the stellar IMF in less massive clusters and can be leveraged in studies of clusters throughout the Local Group and other nearby galaxies

Cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to all lineages of blood cells. Because HSCs must persist for a lifetime, the balance between their proliferation and quiescence is carefully regulated to ensure blood homeostasis while limiting cellular damage. Cell cycle regulation therefore plays a critical role in controlling HSC function during both fetal life and in the adult. The cell cycle activity of HSCs is carefully modulated by a complex interplay between cell-intrinsic mechanisms and cell-extrinsic factors produced by the microenvironment. This fine-tuned regulatory network may become altered with age, leading to aberrant HSC cell cycle regulation, degraded HSC function, and hematological malignancy

Yo Solo Not Solo : Juan Antonio de Riano

While Bernardo de Gálvez’s forcing the entrance of Pensacola Bay with his brigatine Galveztown during the American Revolutionary War is well known, virtually forgotten are the other Spaniards who also participated in that campaign on March 18, 1781. This is especially true of teniente de fragata (naval lieutenant) Juan Antonio de Riaño, Gálvez’s brother-in-law. For the heroism of Gálvez, King Charles III of Spain added to his coat of arms a replica of him on the deck of the Galveztown with the motto “Yo Solo” (I alone). Although Gálvez displayed his mettle on that day, he did not force the bay alone. Riaño accompanied the general aboard his own sloop Valenzuela together with two row galleys, and the crews of all four vessels. From Gálvez’s point of view, “Yo Solo” meant that he had entered Pensacola Bay without the assistance of the Spanish fleet. Nevertheless Juan Antonio de Riaño was also present, facing the British guns at Red Clifts (Barrancas Coloradas) as he raced his ship with Gálvez across the sandbar into the bay during the siege of Fort George. Perhaps Gálvez’s motto would have conformed more to historical reality if it had read, “I alone, accompanied by my brother-inlaw.

Arturo O\u27Neill: First Governor of West Florida During the Second Spanish Period

An Irish lieutenant colonel in the Hibernia Regiment— Arturo O’Neill— gazed through the late afternoon haze that ninth day of March in 1781 and received his first look at Sigüenza Point on the western end of Santa Rosa Island at the entrance of Pensacola Bay. As the Spanish invasion fleet moved closer, Arturo O’Neill saw the hill behind Pensacola with British Fort George dominating the surrounding terrain. He no doubt felt a certain trepidation as the Spaniards would be making a nighttime assault on Sigüenza. However, this was not his baptism of fire and with veteran Hibernia troops around him, O’Neill’s worries diminished. Little did this Irish lieutenant colonel realize with a tough battle ahead that Pensacola would be home for the next twelve years. At the battle’s conclusion, O’Neill became governor of West Florida and served until 1793, proving to be an effective diplomat, an able administrator, in addition to being an old soldier. His brilliant career continued as captain general of Yucatán, lieutenant general, minister of the king’s Supreme War Council, Marquis del Norte, Viscount de O’Neill, and finally hero in the war against Napoleon