70 research outputs found
La fonction des piÚces de la Bertonne : un problÚme en partie résolu
Les piĂšces de la Bertonne sont si particuliĂšres quâil nous a semblĂ© utile dâexposer ici lâensemble de la dĂ©marche qui a permis de dĂ©terminer leur vĂ©ritable fonction. Lâargumentation a Ă©tĂ© essentiellement construite sur la base dâun raisonnement dĂ©ductif. Les trois hypothĂšses fonctionnelles (piĂšce amincie en vue dâun emmanchement, outil et nuclĂ©us Ă lamelles) Ă©voquĂ©es depuis leur dĂ©couverte ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es au fur et Ă mesure dans le but dâĂ©liminer celles qui Ă©taient improbables. La fonction de nuclĂ©us Ă lamelles sâest alors rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e la plus vraisemblable. Ce rĂ©sultat fut ensuite confirmĂ© par la dĂ©couverte rĂ©cente de quelques lamelles retouchĂ©es indubitablement obtenues Ă partir de ces piĂšces de la Bertonne. Cet article est enfin consacrĂ© Ă la prĂ©sentation de la mĂ©thode originale de dĂ©bitage de lamelles de type « Bertonne » qui prĂ©sente de nombreuses analogies avec celle connue sous le nom dâOrville
Autologous transplantation of rabbit limbal epithelia cultured on fibrin gels for ocular surface reconstruction
Purpose: Regeneration of the corneal epithelium could be severely impaired in patients suffering from limbal stem cell
deficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the restoration of the corneal epithelium by grafting onto denuded
corneas autologous limbal cells cultured on fibrin gels. The rabbit model was chosen to allow the microscopic evaluation
over time after grafting.
Methods: Rabbit limbal epithelial cells (RLECs) were isolated and cultured from small limbal biopsies (3 mm2
). The
epithelium was separated from stroma after dispase digestion and put in culture on lethally irradiated fibroblasts used as a
feeder layer. At the first passage, RLECs were cultured on a fibrin gel matrix. At confluence, the cultured epithelia were
grafted in vivo on denuded autologous rabbit corneas. At different postoperative times, grafted and control (without graft
or grafted with fibrin gels only) rabbit corneas were compared in vivo with a slit lamp microscope, and in situ by histological
and immunohistological microscopy of harvested biopsies.
Results: A small limbal biopsy was sufficient to generate enough RLECs to prepare several grafts and to perform cell
analysis. Only two weeks were required to produce a cultured epithelium suitable for autologous transplantation. One
month after grafting, a normal corneal phenotype was observed on the ocular surface of grafted rabbits in contrast to the
control rabbits (ungrafted or grafted with fibrin gel only) where histological signs of conjunctivalization were found. The
absence of goblet cells and negative staining for keratin 4 confirmed that the cultured cells persisted and that the epithelium
regenerated after grafting was not from conjunctival origin.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that an autologous epithelium cultured on a physiologically biodegradable matrix
can be prepared from a small biopsy and grafted on denuded cornea. The autologous graft allows epithelial regeneration
from cultured cells and promotes corneal healing of unilateral total stem cell deficiency
Analyse de lâair piĂ©gĂ© dans les carottes de glace de DĂŽme C et Talos DĂŽme pour mieux contraindre le rĂŽle du forçage orbital et des gaz Ă effet de serre dans les variations glaciaire-interglaciaire
In order to study the climate variations recorded by ice cores, it is necessary to have precise chronologies for the ice and gas phases. The aim of this work has been to improve ice cores chronologies, covering the last 800 000 years, through new measurements of the isotopic composition of the air ÎŽ15N, ÎŽ18Oatm et ÎŽO2/N2) trapped in EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core and the use of the Datice dating tool.The first important result of this PhD has been the production of the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC2012), common for EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos Dome ICE core (TALDICE) and NorthGRIP ice cores. The bipolar see-saw theory is still valid on the new chronology. The AICC2012 chronology gives an age for Termination II in good agreement with other climate archives. Moreover, the duration of interglacial periods is unchanged compared to EDC3. While building the AICC2012 chronology, we have pointed out several limitations. Since then, we have improved Datice in order to correctly integrate constraints deduced from layer counting and their associated uncertainties. These improvements permit to build coherent chronologies respecting the underlying hypotheses of Datice. Moreover, we propose a new parameterization of the uncertainty associated with the background thinning function based on ice mechanical properties of EDC ice core. Finally, we were able to deduce new age constraints thanks to the new measurements of ÎŽO2/N2 and ÎŽ18Oatm performed on well-conserved ice from EDC. A multi-proxy comparison of Vostok, EDC and Dome F ice cores over MIS 5 has highlighted a possible influence of local climatic parameters on ÎŽO2/N2. The analysis of the delay between ÎŽ18Oatm and precession shows some variability over the last 800 ka. We propose that the delay between ÎŽ18Oatm and precession is increased during periods associated with Heinrich events. The results obtained during this PhD should be used for the next ice core coherent chronology.Afin dâĂ©tudier les variations climatiques enregistrĂ©es par les carottes de glace, il est nĂ©cessaire dâavoir des datations prĂ©cises Ă la fois pour les phases gaz et glace. Le but de ce travail de thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© dâamĂ©liorer les chronologies des carottes de glace, couvrant les derniers 800 000 ans, au travers de nouvelles mesures de la composition isotopique de lâair (ÎŽ15N, ÎŽ18Oatm et ÎŽO2/N2) piĂ©gĂ© dans la glace dâEPICA DĂŽme C (EDC) et de lâutilisation de lâoutil de datation "Datice". Le premier rĂ©sultat important de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© la production de la chronologie cohĂ©rente pour les carottes de glace ("Antarctic Ice Core Chronology", AICC2012) pour EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos DĂŽme ICE core (TALDICE) et NorthGRIP. Sur cette nouvelle chronologie la thĂ©orie du see-saw bipolaire reste valable. AICC2012 donne un Ăąge pour la Terminaison II en accord avec les autres archives climatiques. De plus, les durĂ©es des pĂ©riodes interglaciaires restent inchangĂ©es par rapport Ă la chronologie EDC3. Lors de la construction dâAICC2012 nous avons mis en Ă©vidence plusieurs points nĂ©cessitant des amĂ©liorations. Nous avons donc procĂ©dĂ© Ă lâamĂ©lioration de Datice dans le but dâintĂ©grer correctement les contraintes issues du comptage des couches annuelles et leurs erreurs. Ces amĂ©liorations conduisent Ă des chronologies cohĂ©rentes tout en respectant les hypothĂšses sous-jacentes Ă Datice. Nous proposons aussi une nouvelle formulation de lâerreur associĂ©e Ă la fonction dâamincissement Ă partir de lâanalyse des propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques de la glace dans le cas dâEDC. Pour finir, les nouvelles mesures du ÎŽO2/N2 et du ÎŽ18Oatm effectuĂ©es sur de la glace bien conservĂ©e dâEDC nous ont permis de dĂ©finir de nouvelles contraintes dâĂąge. La comparaison de ces traceurs mesurĂ©s Ă Vostok, EDC et DĂŽme F sur le MIS 5 a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une possible influence de paramĂštres climatiques locaux sur le ÎŽO2/N2. Lâanalyse du retard entre le ÎŽ18Oatm et la prĂ©cession sur les derniers 800 ka montre des variations de ce dernier. Nous suggĂ©rons que ce retard est augmentĂ© par lâoccurence dâĂ©vĂšnements de Heinrich Ă certaines pĂ©riodes. Les rĂ©sultats de cette thĂšse sont Ă prendre en compte pour le prochain exercice de datation cohĂ©rente pour les carottes de glace
Isotopic composition of air trapped in EPICA Dome C and Talos Dome ice cores in order to constrain the influence of orbital forcing and greenhouse gases on glacialâinterglacial variations
Afin dâĂ©tudier les variations climatiques enregistrĂ©es par les carottes de glace, il est nĂ©cessaire dâavoir des datations prĂ©cises Ă la fois pour les phases gaz et glace. Le but de ce travail de thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© dâamĂ©liorer les chronologies des carottes de glace, couvrant les derniers 800 000 ans, au travers de nouvelles mesures de la composition isotopique de lâair (ÎŽ15N, ÎŽ18Oatm et ÎŽO2/N2) piĂ©gĂ© dans la glace dâEPICA DĂŽme C (EDC) et de lâutilisation de lâoutil de datation "Datice". Le premier rĂ©sultat important de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© la production de la chronologie cohĂ©rente pour les carottes de glace ("Antarctic Ice Core Chronology", AICC2012) pour EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos DĂŽme ICE core (TALDICE) et NorthGRIP. Sur cette nouvelle chronologie la thĂ©orie du see-saw bipolaire reste valable. AICC2012 donne un Ăąge pour la Terminaison II en accord avec les autres archives climatiques. De plus, les durĂ©es des pĂ©riodes interglaciaires restent inchangĂ©es par rapport Ă la chronologie EDC3. Lors de la construction dâAICC2012 nous avons mis en Ă©vidence plusieurs points nĂ©cessitant des amĂ©liorations. Nous avons donc procĂ©dĂ© Ă lâamĂ©lioration de Datice dans le but dâintĂ©grer correctement les contraintes issues du comptage des couches annuelles et leurs erreurs. Ces amĂ©liorations conduisent Ă des chronologies cohĂ©rentes tout en respectant les hypothĂšses sous-jacentes Ă Datice. Nous proposons aussi une nouvelle formulation de lâerreur associĂ©e Ă la fonction dâamincissement Ă partir de lâanalyse des propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques de la glace dans le cas dâEDC. Pour finir, les nouvelles mesures du ÎŽO2/N2 et du ÎŽ18Oatm effectuĂ©es sur de la glace bien conservĂ©e dâEDC nous ont permis de dĂ©finir de nouvelles contraintes dâĂąge. La comparaison de ces traceurs mesurĂ©s Ă Vostok, EDC et DĂŽme F sur le MIS 5 a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une possible influence de paramĂštres climatiques locaux sur le ÎŽO2/N2. Lâanalyse du retard entre le ÎŽ18Oatm et la prĂ©cession sur les derniers 800 ka montre des variations de ce dernier. Nous suggĂ©rons que ce retard est augmentĂ© par lâoccurence dâĂ©vĂšnements de Heinrich Ă certaines pĂ©riodes. Les rĂ©sultats de cette thĂšse sont Ă prendre en compte pour le prochain exercice de datation cohĂ©rente pour les carottes de glace.In order to study the climate variations recorded by ice cores, it is necessary to have precise chronologies for the ice and gas phases. The aim of this work has been to improve ice cores chronologies, covering the last 800 000 years, through new measurements of the isotopic composition of the air ÎŽ15N, ÎŽ18Oatm et ÎŽO2/N2) trapped in EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core and the use of the Datice dating tool.The first important result of this PhD has been the production of the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC2012), common for EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos Dome ICE core (TALDICE) and NorthGRIP ice cores. The bipolar see-saw theory is still valid on the new chronology. The AICC2012 chronology gives an age for Termination II in good agreement with other climate archives. Moreover, the duration of interglacial periods is unchanged compared to EDC3. While building the AICC2012 chronology, we have pointed out several limitations. Since then, we have improved Datice in order to correctly integrate constraints deduced from layer counting and their associated uncertainties. These improvements permit to build coherent chronologies respecting the underlying hypotheses of Datice. Moreover, we propose a new parameterization of the uncertainty associated with the background thinning function based on ice mechanical properties of EDC ice core. Finally, we were able to deduce new age constraints thanks to the new measurements of ÎŽO2/N2 and ÎŽ18Oatm performed on well-conserved ice from EDC. A multi-proxy comparison of Vostok, EDC and Dome F ice cores over MIS 5 has highlighted a possible influence of local climatic parameters on ÎŽO2/N2. The analysis of the delay between ÎŽ18Oatm and precession shows some variability over the last 800 ka. We propose that the delay between ÎŽ18Oatm and precession is increased during periods associated with Heinrich events. The results obtained during this PhD should be used for the next ice core coherent chronology
Quels auteurs pour lâindustrie de Mancy Ă Saint-Brisson-sur-Loire (Loiret) ? RĂ©Ă©valuation dâun assemblage prĂ©sumĂ© magdalĂ©nien en rĂ©gion Centre
The review of the lithic assemblage which was discovered in Mancy (Loiret, France) raised a few questions regarding its cultural attribution. By the end of the 1980s, characteristics of the blade knapping had led some authors to date this assemblage to the Upper Magdalenian. However, today, the existence of several microgravettes and numerous «burins-cores » from which blanks of microgravettes seem to originate indicates that part of the assemblage might be dated to the Gravettian (more specifically its recent period). Moreover, given new research on this topic, it cannot be excluded that blade knapping might also be dated to the Gravettian. The context in which Mancyâs assemblage was discovered (surface collecting) does not allow the hypothesis of a double origin, i. e. Magdalenian and Gravettian, to be rejected. More certain answers could only be given if field work is carried out. This is all the more crucial as Mancy could prove to be the first source of production of long blades of the recent Gravettian period in the northern half of France, which could then be compared with such wellknown sites as Corbiac and Rabier (Dordogne, France). Furthermore, faunal remains give researchers the opportunity to conduct radiocarbon dating which would at last allow this type of assemblage to be more precisely
dated within the recent Gravettian period.La rĂ©vision de lâindustrie lithique dĂ©couverte sur le site de Mancy (Loiret) a soulevĂ© quelques incertitudes au sujet de son attribution culturelle.
Ă la fin des annĂ©es quatre-vingt, les caractĂ©ristiques du dĂ©bitage laminaire avaient conduit certains auteurs Ă la rapprocher du MagdalĂ©nien supĂ©rieur. Aujourdâhui, la reconnaissance de plusieurs microgravettes et de nombreux burins-nuclĂ©us Ă partir desquels les supports des microgravettes semblent extraits indique toutefois quâune partie de lâindustrie est attribuable au Gravettien (plutĂŽt Ă sa phase rĂ©cente). Par ailleurs, compte tenu des nouvelles Ă©tudes sur le sujet, il nâest pas exclu que le dĂ©bitage laminaire puisse, lui aussi, y ĂȘtre finalement rattachĂ©. Le contexte de dĂ©couverte de lâindustrie de Mancy (ramassage de surface) ne permet toutefois pas dâĂ©carter lâhypothĂšse dâune double composante, lâune magdalĂ©nienne et lâautre gravettienne. Des Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©ponses plus dĂ©finitifs ne pourront ĂȘtre obtenus que si des travaux de terrain sont engagĂ©s. Ils sont particuliĂšrement motivĂ©s par le fait que Mancy pourrait se rĂ©vĂ©ler comme le premier gisement de production de grandes lames du Gravettien rĂ©cent de la moitiĂ© nord de la France que lâon pourrait comparer aux sites de rĂ©fĂ©rences de Corbiac et de Rabier (Dordogne). En outre, la prĂ©sence de restes de faune offre la possibilitĂ© de rĂ©aliser des datations radiomĂ©triques qui permettraient enfin de caler plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment ce type dâindustrie au sein de la
phase rĂ©cente du Gravettien.Chehmana Lucie, Debout GrĂ©gory, Valentin Boris, Bazin Pierre, Bignon Olivier. Quels auteurs pour lâindustrie de Mancy Ă Saint-Brisson-sur-Loire (Loiret) ? RĂ©Ă©valuation dâun assemblage prĂ©sumĂ© magdalĂ©nien en rĂ©gion Centre. In: Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© prĂ©historique française, tome 105, n°2, 2008. pp. 283-290
Lubrication with Soft and Hard Two-Dimensional Colloidal Arrays
Normal and friction
forces between immobilized two-dimensional
(2D) homogeneous non-close-packed colloidal arrays made of different
particles are compared in aqueous media. Soft pH-responsive (microgels)
and nonresponsive hard (silica) particles of different sizes were
used to create the 2D arrays. The results show that the friction of
soft responsive structured layers can be successfully modulated by
varying the pH, with a friction coefficient varying by nearly 3 orders
of magnitude (10<sup>â2</sup> to 1). This important change
in lubricating properties is mainly correlated with the particle swelling
behavior, i.e., the friction coefficient decreasing exponentially
with an increase in the swelling ratio regardless of the size, surface
coverage, and degree of ionization of the particles. In addition,
the robustly attached microgel particles were able to sustain high
pressure (up to 200 atm) without significant surface damage. The 2D
arrays of nonresponsive hard particles also gave rise to a very low
friction coefficient (ÎŒ â 10<sup>â3</sup>) under
similar experimental conditions and could sustain a larger pressure
without damage (â€600 atm). The low friction dissipation observed
between the hard arrays resulted from a rolling mechanism. Even though
rolling requires nonimmobilized particles on the substrates, the results
show the importance of attaching a certain proportion of particles
on the surfaces to reduce friction
Icechrono1Â : un modĂšle probabiliste pour calculer une chronologie commune et optimale pour plusieurs carottes de glace
International audiencePolar ice cores provide exceptional archives of past environmental conditions. The dating of ice cores and the estimation of the age-scale uncertainty are essential to interpret the climate and environmental records that they contain. It is, however, a complex problem which involves different methods. Here, we present IceChrono1, a new probabilistic model integrating various sources of chronological information to produce a common and optimized chronology for several ice cores, as well as its uncertainty. IceChrono1 is based on the inference of three quantities: the surface accumulation rate, the lock-in depth (LID) of air bubbles and the thinning function. The chronological information integrated into IceChrono1 are modeling scenarios of the sedimentation process (accumulation of snow, densification of snow into ice and air trapping, ice flow), ice-and air-dated horizons, ice and air depth intervals with known durations, Îdepth observations (depth shift between synchronous events recorded in the ice and in the air) and finally ice, air or mix stratigraphic links in between ice cores. the inference problem is formulated as a least squares optimisation, implying that all densities of probabilities are assumed to be Gaussian. It is numerically solved using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (thus assuming that the model is almost linear in the vicinity of the solution) and a numerical evaluation of the model's Jacobian. IceChrono1 is freely available under the General Public License v3 open source license.Les forages polaires fournissent des archives exceptionnelles des conditions climatiques et environnementales passĂ©es. Produire une datation robuste des carottes de glace ainsi qu'une estimation de l'incertitude associĂ©e est essentiel pour interprĂ©ter les enregistrements climatiques et environnementaux qu'elles contiennent. Cependant, c'est une tĂąche complexe car elle implique d'utiliser diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes. Dans cet article, nous prĂ©sentons IceChrono1, un modĂšle probabiliste qui combine diffĂ©rentes sources d'information chronologique pour produire une datation commune et optimale pour plusieurs carottes de glace, ainsi qu'une estimation de l'incertitude associĂ©e. IceChrono1 est basĂ© sur l'infĂ©rence de trois quantitĂ©s : le taux d'accumulation de neige en surface, la profondeur de piĂ©geage de l'air et la fonction d'amincissement. IceChrono1 intĂšgre de multiples informations chronologiques : un scĂ©nario modĂ©lisĂ© du processus de sĂ©dimentation (accumulation de la neige, densification de la neige en glace et piĂ©geage de l'air, Ă©coulement de la glace), des horizons bien datĂ©s pour contraindre l'Ăąge de la glace ou l'Ăąge de l'air, des intervalles de profon-deur dĂ©finis sur la glace ou via des mesures sur l'air piĂ©gĂ© dont la durĂ©e est connue, des observations du Îprofondeur (le dĂ©calage en profondeur entre des Ă©vĂ©nements synchrones enregistrĂ©s dans la glace et dans l'air) et finalement des liens stratigraphiques reliant des marqueurs identifiĂ©s dans la glace, dans l'air piĂ©gĂ© ou dans les deux Ă la fois entre les carottes de glace. L'infĂ©rence est formulĂ©e comme un problĂšme d'optimisation aux moindres carrĂ©s, impliquant que toutes les densitĂ©s de probabilitĂ©s sont supposĂ©es gaussiennes. Elle est rĂ©solue numĂ©riquement en utilisant l'algorithme de Levenberg-Marquardt (supposant ainsi que le modĂšle est presque linĂ©aire au voisinage de la solution) et une Ă©valuation numĂ©rique du Jacobien du modĂšle. IceChrono1 est librement disponible sous la licence libre GPL v3 (General Public License v3)
IceChrono1: a probabilistic model to compute a common and optimal chronology for several ice cores
International audiencePolar ice cores provide exceptional archives of past environmental conditions. The dating of ice cores and the estimation of the age-scale uncertainty are essential to interpret the climate and environmental records that they contain. It is, however, a complex problem which involves different methods. Here, we present IceChrono1, a new probabilistic model integrating various sources of chronological information to produce a common and optimized chronology for several ice cores, as well as its uncertainty. IceChrono1 is based on the inversion of three quantities: the surface accumulation rate, the lock-in depth (LID) of air bubbles and the thinning function. The chronological information integrated into the model are models of the sedimentation process (accumulation of snow, densification of snow into ice and air trapping, ice flow), ice- and air-dated horizons, ice and air depth intervals with known durations, Îdepth observations (depth shift between synchronous events recorded in the ice and in the air) and finally air and ice stratigraphic links in between ice cores. The optimization is formulated as a least squares problem, implying that all densities of probabilities are assumed to be Gaussian. It is numerically solved using the LevenbergâMarquardt algorithm and a numerical evaluation of the model's Jacobian. IceChrono follows an approach similar to that of the Datice model which was recently used to produce the AICC2012 (Antarctic ice core chronology) for four Antarctic ice cores and one Greenland ice core. IceChrono1 provides improvements and simplifications with respect to Datice from the mathematical, numerical and programming point of views. The capabilities of IceChrono1 are demonstrated on a case study similar to the AICC2012 dating experiment. We find results similar to those of Datice, within a few centuries, which is a confirmation of both IceChrono1 and Datice codes. We also test new functionalities with respect to the original version of Datice: observations as ice intervals with known durations, correlated observations, observations as air intervals with known durations and observations as mixed iceâair stratigraphic links. IceChrono1 is freely available under the General Public License v3 open source license
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