Which Ocular Dominance Should Be Considered for Monocular Augmented Reality Devices?

A monocular augmented reality device allows the user to see information that is superimposed on the environment. As it does not stimulate both eyes in the same way, it creates a phenomenon known as binocular rivalry. The question therefore arises as to whether monocular information should be displayed to a particular eye and if an ocular dominance test can determine it. This paper contributes to give a better understanding of ocular dominance by comparing nine tests. Our results suggest that ocular dominance can be divided into sighting and sensorial dominance. However, different sensorial dominance tests give different results, suggesting that it is composed of distinct components that are assessed by different tests. There is a need for a comprehensive test that can consider all of these components, in order to identify on which eye monocular information should be directed to when using monocular augmented reality devices

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Entre fusion et rivalité binoculaires : impact des caractéristiques des stimuli visuels lors de l’utilisation d’un système de réalité augmentée semi-transparent monoculaire

Monocular augmented reality devices are used in the aeronautical field to enhance pilots' vision by providing access to essential information such as flight symbology. They are lighter and more adjustable than their binocular counterparts, can be integrated into any aircraft, and allow information to be retained regardless of gaze direction. However, they generate a particular perception since a monocular virtual image is superimposed on the real binocular environment. Different information is projected to corresponding regions of the two eyes creating an interocular conflict. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the stimuli characteristics on the performance of tasks performed with this type of system to optimize its use. Two psychophysical studies and an ecological study in a flight simulator have been carried out. All of them showed a good comfort when exposed to interocular conflict. The performances were evaluated according to the characteristics of the binocular background, the display of the monocular image and the characteristics of events to be detected. The choice of the presenting eye is not insignificant given the differences between the performances achieved with the monocular on each of the two eyes. Our results from the three studies also show that, as with two fusible or two dichoptic images, performance is dependent on visual stimuli. They therefore suggest that an adaptive symbology should be considered, which cannot be summarized by the change in brightness currently available to pilots.Les visuels de casque monoculaires utilisés dans l'aéronautique augmentent la vision des pilotes et facilitent l'accès aux informations essentielles telles que la symbologie de vol. Ils sont plus légers et plus ajustables que leurs homologuesbinoculaires, peuvent s'intégrer dans n'importe quel aéronef et permettent de conserver l'information quelle que soit la direction de regard. Cependant, ils génèrent une perception particulière puisqu'une image virtuelle monoculaire se superpose à l'environnement réel binoculaire. Des informations différentes sont projetées à des régions correspondantes des deux yeux créant un conflit interoculaire. L'enjeu de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'impact des caractéristiques des stimuli sur les performances aux tâches réalisées via ce type de système afin d'en optimiser l'utilisation.Deux études psychophysiques et une étude écologique en simulateur de vol ont été réalisées. Toutes ont montré un bon confort à l'exposition. Les performances ont été évalués en fonction des caractéristiques du fond binoculaire, de l'affichage de l'image monoculaire et des caractéristiques d'évènements à détecter. Le choix de l'œil de présentation n'est pas anodin étant donné les différences entre les performances réalisées avec le monoculaire sur chacun des deux yeux. Nos résultats aux trois études montrent également que, comme pour deux images fusionnables ou dichoptiques, les performances sont dépendantes des stimulations visuelles. Ils suggèrent donc qu'il faille envisager une symbologie adaptative qui ne peux se résumer au changement de luminosité dont dispose actuellement les pilotes

Entre fusion et rivalité binoculaires : impact des caractéristiques des stimuli visuels lors de l’utilisation d’un système de réalité augmentée semi-transparent monoculaire

Monocular augmented reality devices are used in the aeronautical field to enhance pilots' vision by providing access to essential information such as flight symbology. They are lighter and more adjustable than their binocular counterparts, can be integrated into any aircraft, and allow information to be retained regardless of gaze direction. However, they generate a particular perception since a monocular virtual image is superimposed on the real binocular environment. Different information is projected to corresponding regions of the two eyes creating an interocular conflict. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the stimuli characteristics on the performance of tasks performed with this type of system to optimize its use. Two psychophysical studies and an ecological study in a flight simulator have been carried out. All of them showed a good comfort when exposed to interocular conflict. The performances were evaluated according to the characteristics of the binocular background, the display of the monocular image and the characteristics of events to be detected. The choice of the presenting eye is not insignificant given the differences between the performances achieved with the monocular on each of the two eyes. Our results from the three studies also show that, as with two fusible or two dichoptic images, performance is dependent on visual stimuli. They therefore suggest that an adaptive symbology should be considered, which cannot be summarized by the change in brightness currently available to pilots.Les visuels de casque monoculaires utilisés dans l'aéronautique augmentent la vision des pilotes et facilitent l'accès aux informations essentielles telles que la symbologie de vol. Ils sont plus légers et plus ajustables que leurs homologuesbinoculaires, peuvent s'intégrer dans n'importe quel aéronef et permettent de conserver l'information quelle que soit la direction de regard. Cependant, ils génèrent une perception particulière puisqu'une image virtuelle monoculaire se superpose à l'environnement réel binoculaire. Des informations différentes sont projetées à des régions correspondantes des deux yeux créant un conflit interoculaire. L'enjeu de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'impact des caractéristiques des stimuli sur les performances aux tâches réalisées via ce type de système afin d'en optimiser l'utilisation.Deux études psychophysiques et une étude écologique en simulateur de vol ont été réalisées. Toutes ont montré un bon confort à l'exposition. Les performances ont été évalués en fonction des caractéristiques du fond binoculaire, de l'affichage de l'image monoculaire et des caractéristiques d'évènements à détecter. Le choix de l'œil de présentation n'est pas anodin étant donné les différences entre les performances réalisées avec le monoculaire sur chacun des deux yeux. Nos résultats aux trois études montrent également que, comme pour deux images fusionnables ou dichoptiques, les performances sont dépendantes des stimulations visuelles. Ils suggèrent donc qu'il faille envisager une symbologie adaptative qui ne peux se résumer au changement de luminosité dont dispose actuellement les pilotes

Between binocular fusion and binocular rivalry : impact of visual stimuli characteristics when using a monocular augmented reality device

Les visuels de casque monoculaires utilisés dans l'aéronautique augmentent la vision des pilotes et facilitent l'accès aux informations essentielles telles que la symbologie de vol. Ils sont plus légers et plus ajustables que leurs homologuesbinoculaires, peuvent s'intégrer dans n'importe quel aéronef et permettent de conserver l'information quelle que soit la direction de regard. Cependant, ils génèrent une perception particulière puisqu'une image virtuelle monoculaire se superpose à l'environnement réel binoculaire. Des informations différentes sont projetées à des régions correspondantes des deux yeux créant un conflit interoculaire. L'enjeu de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'impact des caractéristiques des stimuli sur les performances aux tâches réalisées via ce type de système afin d'en optimiser l'utilisation.Deux études psychophysiques et une étude écologique en simulateur de vol ont été réalisées. Toutes ont montré un bon confort à l'exposition. Les performances ont été évalués en fonction des caractéristiques du fond binoculaire, de l'affichage de l'image monoculaire et des caractéristiques d'évènements à détecter. Le choix de l'œil de présentation n'est pas anodin étant donné les différences entre les performances réalisées avec le monoculaire sur chacun des deux yeux. Nos résultats aux trois études montrent également que, comme pour deux images fusionnables ou dichoptiques, les performances sont dépendantes des stimulations visuelles. Ils suggèrent donc qu'il faille envisager une symbologie adaptative qui ne peux se résumer au changement de luminosité dont dispose actuellement les pilotes.Monocular augmented reality devices are used in the aeronautical field to enhance pilots' vision by providing access to essential information such as flight symbology. They are lighter and more adjustable than their binocular counterparts, can be integrated into any aircraft, and allow information to be retained regardless of gaze direction. However, they generate a particular perception since a monocular virtual image is superimposed on the real binocular environment. Different information is projected to corresponding regions of the two eyes creating an interocular conflict. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the stimuli characteristics on the performance of tasks performed with this type of system to optimize its use. Two psychophysical studies and an ecological study in a flight simulator have been carried out. All of them showed a good comfort when exposed to interocular conflict. The performances were evaluated according to the characteristics of the binocular background, the display of the monocular image and the characteristics of events to be detected. The choice of the presenting eye is not insignificant given the differences between the performances achieved with the monocular on each of the two eyes. Our results from the three studies also show that, as with two fusible or two dichoptic images, performance is dependent on visual stimuli. They therefore suggest that an adaptive symbology should be considered, which cannot be summarized by the change in brightness currently available to pilots

Which Ocular Dominance Should Be Considered for Monocular Augmented Reality Devices?

A monocular augmented reality device allows the user to see information that is superimposed on the environment. As it does not stimulate both eyes in the same way, it creates a phenomenon known as binocular rivalry. The question therefore arises as to whether monocular information should be displayed to a particular eye and if an ocular dominance test can determine it. This paper contributes to give a better understanding of ocular dominance by comparing nine tests. Our results suggest that ocular dominance can be divided into sighting and sensorial dominance. However, different sensorial dominance tests give different results, suggesting that it is composed of distinct components that are assessed by different tests. There is a need for a comprehensive test that can consider all of these components, in order to identify on which eye monocular information should be directed to when using monocular augmented reality devices

Which ocular dominance should be considered for monocular augmented reality devices?

International audienc

Which ocular dominance should be considered for monocular augmented reality devices?

International audienc

La recherche au service de la vision du combattant.

International audienc

Is it relevant to choose the eye to display the image when using a monocular see-through device?

International audienceMonocular augmented reality devices are used in aviation to help civilian or military pilots in their flying task. In those devices, a virtual image is projected in front of one eye on a see-through glass allowing them to see environment with both eyes. This glass is mounted on a helmet allowing users to maintain the virtual information, usually find in the primary flight display, in front of the eye. Given that the image is presented in front of only one eye, the two eyes are not stimulated in the same way and it can creates a phenomenon known as binocular rivalry. When it appeared, brain is not able to merge the two visuals information and an alternation between them can occur. This alternation appears according to visual condition and the question arises as is it relevant to choose the eye to display the image to limit binocular rivalry and guarantee a good performance in the tasks of recognition and control. The control task consists in matching a monocular item with a binocular item and the detection task consists in giving the right opening orientation of Landolt rings that can be monocular or binocular. Our study aims to compare the performances as a function of the position of the virtual image. These results are then compared to the results of several dominant eye tests to determine if one test can objectively determine on which eye the monocular information should be displayed when using a monocular see-through device